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1
Attribution Key
for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/AttributionPolicy
Patrick M. Carter, MD
Instructor
Department of Emergency Medicine
University of Michigan School of Medicine
April 4, 2012 3
Review key orthopedic injuries of the shoulder, upper arm, elbow,
forearm and wrist
Fractures
Dislocations
Ligamentous Injuries
Identify key x-ray findings
Review treatment options for orthopedic disorders of upper
extremity
Review key complications of upper extremity disorders
Not a complete review of all upper extremity injuries
4
Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons 5
Less than ½ of the medial end of the clavicle usually articulates
with the sternum
Joint Stability is dependent on the integrity of the surrounding
ligaments
Sternoclavicular Ligament
Costoclavicular Ligament
Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons 6
Classification
1st Degree = Sprain
▪ Partial tear of SC and CC ligaments with mild subluxation
2nd Degree = Subluxation
▪ Complete tear of SC ligament with partial tear of CC
ligament
▪ Clavicle subluxates from the manubrium on x-ray
3rd Degree = Dislocation
▪ Complete tear of SC and CC ligaments
▪ Complete dislocation of clavicle from the manubrium
▪ Anterior > Posterior
▪ Posterior = True Emergency – 25% will have concurrent life-
threatening injuries to adjacent mediastinal structures
7
Mechanism of Injury
Direct force applied to the medial end of the clavicle
Indirect force to the shoulder with the shoulder rolled either forward or
backward that tears medial ligaments
Symptoms/Signs
Pain and swelling over the SC joint
Pain with movement of shoulder
Anterior Dislocation = Prominent medial clavicle anterior to sternum
Posterior Dislocation = Clavicle may not be palpable, may be subtle
Diagnosis
X-ray
CT scan (Diagnostic Study of Choice if concern for underlying
structures)
8
Treatment
1st Degree = Sling, Analgesia, Ice
2nd Degree
▪ Sling or Figure of Eight Clavicular Strap, Orthopedic Follow-up
3rd Degree
▪ Anterior Dislocation
▪ Uncomplicated anterior dislocations often don’t require reduction
▪ Sling or Figure of Eight, Analgesia and outpatient follow-up
▪ Posterior Dislocation
▪ Reduction often necessary due to underlying injury
▪ Closed reduction in OR
▪ Reduction
Towel roll between scapula
Traction applied to arm
Towel clip on clavicle with traction to reduce
9
Acromioclavicular
Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons
AC Joint Anatomy Ligament
Mechanism of Injury
Fall on outstretched arm with
transmission to AC joint
Fall on shoulder with arm
adducted (most common)
Scapula and Shoulder girdle
driven inferiorly with clavicle in
normal position
Signs/Symptoms
Joint Tenderness
Swelling over the joint
Pain with movement of affected
extremity
Displacement of clavicle Coracoclavicular Ligaments
- Coracoacromial ligament
- Trapezoid Coracoclavicular ligament
- Conoid Coracoclavicular ligament 10
AC Joint Injury Classification
Tossy and Allman Classification (Types 1-3)
Rockwood Classification (Types 4-6)
Classification
Type 1 = Sprain = Partial tear of AC ligament, No CC ligament
injury
Type 2 = Subluxation = Complete tear of AC ligament, CC
ligament stretched or incompletely torn
Type 3 = Dislocation = Complete tears of AC and CC ligaments
with displacement of clavicle
Direction of displacement defines types 4-6
▪ Type IV = Posterior displacement in or through trapezius
▪ Type V = Superior displacement (more serious type 3 injury)
▪ Type VI = Inferior displacement of clavicle behind biceps tendon
11
Source: Steve Oh, 2004
12
X-rays
AP views of clavicle usually sufficient
Stress views not commonly used anymore and do not alter course of
treatment
Axillary views necessary for posterior dislocation identification (Type 4)
Findings
▪ Type 1 = Radiographically normal
▪ Type 2 = Increased distance between clavicle and acromion (< 1 cm)
▪ Type 3 = Increased distance between the clavicle and acromion (> 1 cm)
▪ Type 4-6 = Defined by displacement
Treatment
Type 1-2 = Sling x 1-2 weeks, Rest, Ice, Analgesia, Early ROM 7-14
days
Type 3 = Immobilize in sling, Prompt orthopedic referral
▪ Controversy regarding operative vs. conservative treatment options
▪ Shift towards conservative treatment
Type 4-6 = Sling, Prompt orthopedic referral, Likely will require surgical
management
13
Root4(one), Wikimedia Commons Source Undetermined
14
Clavicle
Provides support and mobility for upper
extremity functions
Protects adjacent structures
Mechanism of Injury
Direct blow to clavicle
Fall on outstretched shoulder
Magnus Manske, Wikimedia Commons
Symptoms/Signs
Pain, Swelling and Deformity
Arm is held inward and downward and
supported by other extremity
Open fractures result from severe tenting
and piercing of overlying skin
Imaging
CXR or Clavicle films
Children may have a greenstick fracture
without definite fracture on x-ray imaging
15
Source Undetermined
Allman Classification
Middle 1/3 (80%)
▪ Most common area to fracture Allman Classification
▪ Especially in children
Distal 1/3 (15%)
▪ Often associated with ruptured
CC joint with medial elevation
▪ May require operative
intervention to avoid non-union Group III Group I Group II
Medial 1/3 (5%) ~Medial 1/3 ~Middle 1/3 ~Distal 1/3
▪ Uncommon ~3%-6% ~69%-85% ~12%-28%
▪ Requires strong injury forces
▪ Higher association with Image adapted from Anatomagraphy, Wikimedia
intrathoracic injury Commons
16
Source Undetermined
17
Emergency Orthopedic Consultation
Open Fractures
Fractures with neurovascular injuries
Fractures with significant tenting at high risk for converting to open
Indications for Surgical Repair
Displaced distal third
Open
Bilateral
Neurovascular injury
Treatment = Sling, Orthopedic Follow-up
Non-operative management is successful in 90%
Middle 1/3 Clavicle Non-union risk factors
Shortening > 2 cm
Comminuted fracture
Elderly female
Displaced fracture
Significant associated trauma
18
Scapula
Links the axial skeleton to the upper extremity
Stabilizing platform for the motion of the arm
1% cases of blunt trauma have scapular fracture
3-5% of shoulder injuries
Mechanism of Injury Glenoid
Direct blow to the scapula
Trauma to the shoulder
Fall on an outstretched arm
Clinical Presentation
Localized pain over the scapula
Ipsilateral arm held in adduction Body Neck
Any movement of arm exacerbates pain
High association with other intrathoracic injuries (>75%)
Due to high degree of energy required for fracture
Pulmonary contusion > 50% of cases
Pneumothorax, Rib fractures commonly associated
Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia Commons 19
Classification
Anatomic Location
Body = 50-60%
Neck = 25%
Imaging
Shoulder/Dedicated
Scapular Series
▪ AP/Lateral/Axillary
Axillary views help identify
fractures:
▪ Glenoid fossa
▪ Acromion
▪ Coracoid Process
Consider CXR/Chest CT to
Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia
rule out associated injuries Commons
20
Treatment
Sling, Ice, Analgesia
Immobilization
Early ROM exercises
Orthopedic Referral for ORIF
▪ Glenoid articular surface fractures
with displacement
▪ Scapular neck fractures with
angulation
▪ Acromial fractures associated with
rotator cuff injuries
Source Undetermined
21
Shoulder dislocation = Most common dislocation in the ED
Classification
Anterior (95-97%)
▪ Subcoricoid, Subglenoid, Subclavicular, Intrathroracic
Posterior (2-3%)
▪ Most commonly missed dislocation in the ED
▪ Association with Seizure, Electric Shock/lightening injuries
Inferior (Luxatio Erecta)
Superior (Very Rare)
Mechanism of Injury
Anterior = Abduction, Extension and External Rotation with force applied
to shoulder
Posterior = Indirect force with forceful internal rotation and adduction
22
Clinical Presentation
“Squared off” Shoulder
Patient resists abduction and internal
rotation
Humeral head palpable anteriorly
Must test axillary nerve
function/sensation Source Undetermined
Quebec Decision Rule
Radiographs needed for:
▪ Age > 40 and humeral ecchymosis
▪ Age > 40 and 1st dislocation
▪ Age < 40 and mechanism other than fall
from standing height or lower
Failed to be validated due to low
sensitivity (CJEM 2011)
Recurrent Shoulder dislocations
Radiographs
AP/Lateral/Y-view
Source Undetermined 23
Clinical Presentation
Prominence of posterior shoulder
Anterior flatness
Unable to externally rotate or abduct the
affected arm
Radiography
AP Radiograph Source Undetermined
▪ “Light Bulb Sign”
▪ Internal rotation of the humerus
Y view
▪ Diagnostic for posterior dislocation
Source Undetermined 24
Inferior Shoulder Dislocation
Hyperabduction force
Levers humerus against the acromion
tearing inferior capsule
Forces humeral head out inferiorly
Clinical Presentation
Humerus is fully abducted, elbow
flexed, hand behind the head
Humeral head palpated on lateral chest
wall
Frequently associated with:
Soft tissue injuries/rotator cuff tears
Fractures of humeral head
Neurovascular compression injury is
common Source Undetermined
25
Treatment
Reduction using a variety of techniques
▪ Success rate = 70-96% regardless of
technique
Shoulder dislocation with associated
humeral head fracture typically require
orthopedic consultation and may require
operative repair
Neurovascular exam pre- and post
reduction
Procedural Sedation if initial attempts
unsuccessful
Intra-articular injection of 10-20 cc
lidocaine alternative to procedural
sedation
After reduction, patient should be placed Nevit Dilman, Wikimedia Commons
in shoulder immobilizer and orthopedic
follow-up arranged
26
External Rotation
Hennepin Technique
Gentle external rotation
Followed by slow
abduction of arm
Reduction typically
complete prior to reaching
coronal plane
78% success rate
Procedural sedation rarely Source: University of Hawaii School of Medicine
needed
27
Modified Hippocratic or Traction-Countertraction Technique
28
Scapular Manipulation
Technique
▪ Seated Position
▪ Steady forward traction on wrist
parallel to floor
▪ Rotate inferior tip of scapula
medially and superior aspect Source: University of Hawaii School of Medicine
laterally
96% Success rate
Requires two people
Borders of scapula can be
difficult to identify in obese
patients
Rarely requires sedation
30
Source: University of Hawaii School of Medicine
Complications
Recurrent dislocation (Most Common)
▪ < 20 years old: > 90%
▪ > 40 years old: 10-15%
Bony Injuries
▪ Hill-Sachs Deformity
▪ Compression fracture or groove of posterolateral aspect of humeral head
▪ Results from impact of humeral head on the anterior glenoid rim as it dislocates or reduces
▪ Avulsion of greater tuberosity (Higher incidence > 45 years old)
▪ Bankart’s Fracture = Fracture of the anterior glenoid lip
Nerve Injuries (10-25% dislocations)
▪ Most often are traction related neuropraxias and resolve spontaneously
▪ Axillary nerve (most common) or Musculocutaneous nerve
Rotator Cuff Tears
▪ 86% of patients > 40 years will have associated rotator cuff tear
Axillary Artery Injury (rare)
▪ Elderly patients with weak pulse
▪ Rapidly expanding hematoma
31
Hill Sachs Deformity Bankart’s Lesion/Fracture
http://www.mypacs.net/repos/mpv3_repo/viz/ful
l/18712/935613.jpg
Hellerhoff, Wikimedia Commons
RSatUSZ, Wikimedia Commons
32
Rotator cuff = 4 muscles that insert tendons into the greater and lesser tuberosity
SITS MUSCLES = Subscapularis, Supraspinatous, Infraspinatous, Teres minor
Mechanisms of Injury
Acute tear = Forceful abduction of the arm against resistance (e.g. fall on outstretched arm)
Chronic teat = 90% = Results from subacromial impingement and decreased blood supply to
the tendons (worsens as patient ages)
Clinical Picture
Typically affects males at 40 y/o or later
Pain over anterior aspect of shoulder, tearing quality to pain, typically worse at night
PE with weak and painful abduction or inability to initiate abduction (if complete tear)
Tenderness on palpation of supraspinatous over greater tuberosity
Imaging
In ED, plain film x-rays indicated to exclude fracture and may show degenerative changes
and superior displacement of humeral head
MRI is diagnostic (not typically done in ED setting)
Treatment
Sling Immobilization, Analgesia, Ortho Referral
Complete tears require early surgical repair (< 3 weeks)
Chronic tears are managed with immobilization, analgesia and orthopedic follow-up for
rehabilitation exercises and possible steroid injection
33
Proximal Humerus Fractures
Common in elderly patients with osteoporosis
Mechanism of Injury = Fall on outstretched hand with elbow extended
Clinical Presentation
▪ Pain, swelling and tenderness around the shoulder
▪ Brachial plexus and axillary arteries injuries
▪ Higher incidence (>50%) in displaced fractures
Neer Classification guides treatment
▪ Fractures separate humerus into 4 fragments by epiphyseal lines
▪ Displacement > 1 cm or angulation > 45 degrees defines a fragment as a
“separate part” when fractures occur
▪ If none of fragments are displaced > 1cm, fracture is termed 1 part
Treatment
▪ One part fractures (85%) = immobilization in sling/swathe, ice, analgesics,
orthopedic referral
▪ Two/Three/Four part fractures = Orthopedic Consultation
34
1
3
2
36
Imaging = Standard x-ray imaging
Treatment
Non-operative Management (most common)
▪ Simple Sling and Swath adequate for ED patients
▪ Closed treatment options
▪ Coaptation splint (sugar tong)
▪ Hanging cast
▪ External fixation
Operative management
▪ Neurovascular compromise, pathologic fractures
Complications
Neurovascular injury
Bill Rhodes, Wikimedia Commons
Delayed union
Adhesive capsulitis
37
Proximal or distal biceps tendon rupture
Mechanism of Injury = Sudden or prolonged
contraction against resistance in middle aged
or elderly patients
Clinical Presentation
“Snap” or “Pop” typically described Gray’s Anatomy, Wikimedia
Pain, swelling, tenderness over site of tendon Commons
rupture
Flexion of elbow = Mid-arm ball
Loss of strength sometimes minimal
X-rays to exclude avulsion fracture
ED Treatment
Sling, Ice, Analgesia, Orthopedic referral Patenthalse, Wikimedia Commons
Surgical repair for young, active patients
38
Source Undetermined 39
Anterior Humeral Line
• Normal = Middle of capitellum
• Abnormal = Anterior 1/3 of
capitellum or completely anterior
Anterior Fat Pad
“Sail Sign”
Source Undetermined
Radial-Capitellar Line
•Normal = Transects
Posterior Fat Pad middle of capitellum
(Never normal)
Source Undetermined
40
Supracondylar Extension Fractures
Most Common Type
Mechanism of injury
▪ Fall on outstretched arm with elbow in extension
Imaging
▪ Distal humerus fractures and humeral fragment displaced posteriorly
▪ Sharp fracture fragments displaced anteriorly with potential for injury
of brachial artery and median nerve
Treatment
▪ Non-displaced fracture (Rare) = Immobilization in posterior splint
▪ May be discharged home with close follow-up
▪ Displaced fracture
▪ Orthopedic Consultation and reduction
▪ Patients with displaced fractures or significant soft tissue swelling require
admission for observation
41
Supracondylar Flexion Fractures (rare)
Mechanism of Injury
▪ Direct blow to posterior aspect of flexed elbow
Fractures are frequently open
Imaging = Distal humerus fracture displaced anteriorly
Treatment
▪ Non-displaced fractures
▪ Splint immobilization and early orthopedic follow-up
▪ Displaced fractures
▪ Orthopedic consultation for reduction
▪ Patients with displacement and soft tissue swelling require admission
42
Extension Type Fracture Flexion Type Fracture
43
Early Complications
Neurologic (7%)
▪ Results from traction, direct trauma or nerve ischemia
▪ Radial Nerve (Posterior-medial displacement)
▪ Median Nerve (Posterior-lateral displacement)
▪ Ulnar Nerve (Uncommon)
▪ Anterior Interosseous Nerve Injuries
▪ High incidence with supracondylar fractures
▪ No sensory component, Motor component must be tested (“OK sign”)
Vascular Entrapment (Brachial Artery)
Late Complications
Non-union/Mal-union
Loss of mobility
44
Compartment syndrome of the forearm
Complication of elbow/forearm fractures
Increased compartment pressure results in ischemia of muscles of
forearm, typically flexor compartment
Patient complains of pain out of proportion of injury, digit swelling
and paresthesias
Also consider in any patient presenting with pain and numbness in
hand after casting has been performed
Irreversible damage in 6 hours (see image)
Treatment
Removal of cast
Surgical decompression with fasciotomy
Source Undetermined
45
Most common fractures of the elbow Source Undetermined
Mechanism of Injury = Fall on outstretched hand
Clinical Finding = Tenderness and swelling over the radial head
Imaging
May not be seen on initial x-ray or may be subtle on x-ray
Evaluate for anterior or posterior fat pad which suggests diagnosis
Associated Injuries
Essex-Lopresti Lesion
▪ Disruption of fibrocartilage of the wrist and interosseus membrane
▪ Distal radial-ulnar dissociation
Articular surface of capitellum frequently also injured
Treatment
Non-displaced = Sling, Ortho follow-up
Comminuted/Displaced Fractures require urgent orthopedic referral
within 24 hours
46
Nursemaid’s elbow = Subluxation of
radial head beneath the annular
ligament
Mechanism of injury = Longitudinal
traction on hand or forearm with
arm in pronation
X-rays not necessary
Treatment = Reduction
Thumb over radial head with
concurrent supination of forearm and David Tan, Flickr
flexion of elbow
Extension and pronation (another
option for reduction)
47
flexion
hyperpronation supination
48
Third most common joint dislocation
Posterolateral (90%)
Mechanism of Injury = Fall on outstretched hand
Clinical Findings
▪ Marked swelling with loss of landmarks
▪ Posterior prominence of olecranon
Immediate consideration must be given to neurovascular status
▪ Ulnar or Median Nerve injury common (8-21%)
▪ Brachial artery injury (5-13%)
Associated fractures (30-60%) of coronoid process and radial head
Terrible triad injury = elbow dislocation + radial head and coronoid
fracture (unstable)
Anterior (Uncommon)
Mechanism of Injury = Blow to Olecranon with elbow in flexion
Associated Injuries = Much higher incidence of vascular impingement
49
Anterior Elbow Dislocation Posterior Elbow Dislocation
http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/doctor--
anjenli/article?mid=776&prev=778&next=774&l=f&fid=79
50
Elbow Reduction
Immobilize humerus
Apply traction at wrist
Slight flexion of the elbow
Posterior pressure on olecranon
Post-Reduction
Long Term Complications
Post-traumatic arthritis
Joint instability
51
Fracture of both ulnar and radius
Usually displaced fracture
Mechanism of Injury
Direct blow to forearm
Associated Injury
Peripheral Nerve Deficits
▪ Uncommon in most closed injuries
▪ More common with open fractures
Development of compartment syndrome
Treatment
Displaced – ORIF
Complications
Compartment Syndrome
Malunion
Source Undetermined
52
Isolated fracture of ulnar
shaft
Mechanism
Direct blow to ulna
Patient raising forearm to
protect face
Treatment
Non-displaced
▪ Immobilization in splint
Displaced
▪ >10 degrees angulation
▪ Displacement > 50% of ulna
▪ Orthopedic consultation - ORIF
Source Undetermined
53
Distal Radius Fracture
Distal radio-ulnar
dislocation
Reverse Monteggia’s fx
Mechanism of Injury
Direct blow to back of wrist
Fall on outstretched hand
Complication = Ulnar
nerve injury
Treatment = ORIF Th. Zimmermann, Wikimedia Commons
http://www.learningradiology.com/caseofweek/ca
seoftheweekpix2/cow157lg.jpg
54
Proximal 1/3 Ulnar Fracture
Dislocation of radial head
Mechanism of Injury = Direct blow
to posterior aspect of ulna
Fall on outstretched hand
Imaging
Elbow/Forearm x-rays
Radial head dislocation missed in
25% of cases
Carefully examine the alignment of
radial head
Associated Injury = Radial Nerve
Injury
Treatment
ORIF Jane Agnes, Wikimedia Commons
Closed Reduction/Splinting
55
Galeazzi G M
Radial Fracture
Ulnar Fracture
Monteggia
Patrick Carter, University of Michigan
R U
Patrick Carter, University of Michigan
56
Transverse fracture of distal radius with dorsal displacement of distal
fragment
Mechanism = Fall on outstretched hand
Most common fracture in adults > 50 years old
Exam = Classic Dinner Fork Deformity
Associated Injuries
Ulnar styloid fracture
Median Nerve Injury
Unstable Fractures
>20 degrees angulation, intra-articular involvement, comminuted fractures or
> 1 cm of shortening
Treatment
Non-displaced Fracture
▪ Sugar Tong Splint, Referral to Orthopedic Surgery
Displaced Fracture
▪ Reduction – Finger traps and manipulation under procedural sedation or with
hematoma block
▪ Immobilization in Sugar tong splint
▪ Referral to Orthopedic Surgery
57
Transverse fracture of distal
radius with volar displacement
Mechanism = Fall on
outstretched arm with forearm
in supination
Associated Injury = Median
Nerve Injury
Treatment
Reduction with finger traps and
manipulation
Immobilization in sugar tong or
long arm splint
Orthopedic referral
58
Colles Fracture Smith Fracture
Source Undetermined
Lucien Monfils, Wikimedia Commons
Goals of Reduction:
* Restore volar tilt
* Radial Inclination
* Proper radial length 59
Source Undetermined
60
Scaphoid Fracture
Most common carpal bone fracture
Mechanism = fall on outstretched hand or axial load to thumb
2/3 of fracture in waist of scaphoid
Imaging – Initial x-rays may fail to demonstrate fracture
▪ > 10% of cases
▪ Repeat Imaging in 2 weeks will often show fracture
Clinical findings = tenderness in anatomical snuff box
Treatment
▪ Non-displaced or clinically suspected fracture
▪ Thumb spica Splint
▪ Displaced fractures will require ORIF
▪ Complications
▪ Avascular necrosis of proximal fragment -> arthritis
▪ Delayed union or malunion
61
Gilo1969, Wikimedia Commons
62
Triquetrum Fracture (2nd most common)
Mechanism = Fall on outstretched hand
Body fracture or avulsion chip fractures
Exam = Tenderness on palpation distal to ulnar styloid on dorsal aspect of
wrist, painful flexion
Avulsion fracture best visualized on lateral or oblique view of wrist
Treatment = Volar splint, Orthopedic referral
Lunate Fracture
Mechanism = Fall on outstretched hand
Exam = Pain over mid-dorsum of wrist increased with axial loading of 3rd
digit
Vascular supply is through distal end of bone -> high risk for avascular
necrosis of the proximal portion
Plain x-rays are often normal
Treatment = Immobilization in thumb spica splint, orthopedic referral
Complications
▪ Kienbock’s disease = Avascular necrosis of proximal segment
▪ Chronic pain, decreased grip strength, osteoarthritis
63
Triquetrum Fracture Lunate Fracture
65
Scapholunate ligament binds the scaphoid and lunate together
Most common ligamentous injury of hand
Commonly missed
Pain with wrist hyperextension, snapping or clicking sensation with
radial/ulnar deviation
Radiographic signs
Scaphoid is foreshortened and has a dense ring shaped image around
its distal edge (signet or cortical ring sign)
Widening of space between the lunate/scaphoid
▪ > 3 mm, Terry Thomas sign
Treatment
Thumb spica or radial gutter splint
Orthopedic Referral
66
Terry Thomas and Signet Ring Sign
Source Undetermined
67
Perilunate and lunate dislocations are the result of the most severe
carpal ligamentous injury
Mechanism of Injury = Violent Hyperextension usually combined with a
fall from height or motor vehicle crash
Clinical examination
Generalized swelling, pain and tenderness over wrist
May be deceiving with no evidence of gross deformity
Radiographic evaluation is key to diagnosis
Treatment = Orthopedic Consultation
Treatment is dependent on severity of injury
Closed reduction and long-arm immobilization if possible
Open, unstable and irreducible dislocations require OR
Some orthopedists take all dislocations to OR
Complications
Degenerative Arthritis
Delayed union/Malunion/Non-union
Avascular necrosis
68
Lunate
Source Undetermined
Source: Radiology
Source: Radiology Assistant
Assistant
70
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of Median nerve
Tinel’s sign = Tapping over volar wrist produces paresthesias
Phalen’s sign = Hyperflexion of wrist = Paresthesias
Risk Factors = Pregnancy, Hypothyroid, DM, RA
Treatment = Splinting, Rest, Surgical Decompression
DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis
Overuse syndrome with inflammation of extensor tendons of thumb
Characterized by pain along radial aspect of wrist that is exacerbated with
use of thumb
Finkelstein’s test = Ulnar deviation of fisted hand produces pain
Treatment = NSAIDS, Splint, Rest
Guyon’s Canal Syndrome
Ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome
Numbness and tingling in ring and small finger
Causes = repetitive trauma (handle bar neuropathy), cyst
Treatment = Splint, Surgical Decompression
71
?
72