Development

Ruth S.. Guzman

Board Chair, PATLEPAM and Vice-President for
Research and Extension, Rizal Technological University,
What is Development?

Development is the accumulation of

human capital and its effective
investment in the progress of an
economy.

Development entails improvement in the

quality as well as quantity of life.
Shifts in Development Paradigms
1920’s – 1940’s Economic
Exploitation cum Cultural
of natural Progress
resources

1940’s – 1960’s Economic Progress

Industrialization as vehicle of econ devt

1950’s – 1970’s Economic Progress cum Rural

Recognition of disparity in income
Development
1970’s Integrated Area
Agri-production Development
and geographic equity

1980’s Participatory Development

Reversal of TOP–DOWN approach

1990’s Sustainable Development

For Sustainable Development to happen,
the world of nations agreed to focus all
development initiatives towards sustainability
of resources.

initiatives

• The Stockholm Convention held 30 years

ago. The whole world agreed on the urgent
need to respond to the problem of
environmental deterioration.
 The Road to Rio
• Publication of “Our Common Future” by the
UN World Commission on Environment and
Development in 1987
• Publication of the “Brundtland Report,” a
landmark report establishing the need for
sustainable development in industrialized and
developing countries.
• An “Earth Summit” officially known as the
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, was held in June 1992 at Rio de
Janeiro and participated by over 170 states
worldwide (114 of whom were represented by
Heads of States of Governments)
Outcomes of the Earth Summit

• convention on biodiversity;
• framework convention on climate
change;
• principles of forest management;
• Agenda 21;
• the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development
It was agreed that the protection of the
environment, and social and economic
development are fundamental to Sustainable
Development (based on the Rio Principles).

To achieve such development, the global

program Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration to
reaffirm global commitment were adopted.

The Agenda 21 was localized based on the

maxim “Think globally, Act Locally” through our
Philippine Agenda 21.
Monterrey Conference on Finance for
Development

Doha Ministerial Conference which

defined for the world a comprehensive
vision for the future of humanity.

World Summit on Sustainable

Development held at Johannesburg,
South Africa from 2-4 September 2002.
What is Sustainable Development?
- it is the harmonious integration of
a sound and viable economy ;
responsible governance;
social cohesion; and
ecological integrity
to ensure that development is a life-sustaining process.

Sustainable Development = Economic Development

+ Environment Protection
+ Social Reform
+ People’s Empowerment
 PEOPLE

ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT
 Elements / Dimensions of
Sustainable Development
• Political
• Economic
• Institutional
• Technological
• Socio-cultural
• Ecological
Parameters of Sustainable Development

Economic • Maintaining a sustainable

population
• Maintaining productivity and
profitability of environment and
natural resources
Ecological • Adopting environmental
management weapons in policy
and decision making
• Protecting the environment and
conserving natural resources
Technological • Promoting proper management
of wastes and residuals
• Adopting environment-friendly
technologies
Parameters of Sustainable Development

Political • Empowering the people

• Maintaining peace and order

Socio-cultural • Promoting resource access and

upholding property rights
• Promoting environmental
awareness, inculcating env ethics
and supporting env management
action

Institutional • Improving institutional capacity/

capability to manage sustainable
development
Philippine Agenda 21
1971 “Limits to Growth”
UN Conference on Human Settlements and
1972 Environment
World Commission on Environment and
1983 Development
1987 “Our Common Future”
Philippine Strategies on Sustainable
1989 Development
UN Conference on Environment and
1992 Development
1996 Philippine Agenda 21
.
Philippine Agenda 21
Vision of Philippine Agenda 21

A better quality of life for all, through the

development of a just, moral, creative,
spiritual, economically vibrant, caring,
diverse yet cohesive society characterized
by appropriate productivity, participatory
and democratic processes, and living in
harmony within the limits of the carrying
capacity of nature and the integrity of
creation. (PA 21, Section 1.4, p.12)
Recognizes three key actors in sustainable
development, and their roles in different
realms of society:

• The Principles of Unity

• The Action Agenda
• The Implementation Strategies
 Principles and goals formed the basis of unity among various
stakeholders—i.e. people‘s organization, NGOs, and representatives of
business, labor, health, urban poor, youth and other sectors. A series of
year-long discussions, consultations, review sessions and consensus
building activities opened up spaces for the stakeholders to proactively
input into the agenda.
 Action agenda (AA) of PA21 identified the critical issues and
concerns in each of the country‘s five ecosystems—forest/upland,
agricultural/lowland, coastal/marine, freshwater, and urban
ecosystem—as well as those cross-cutting concerns that transcend
ecosystems. For each ecosystem or cross-cutting concern, the AA
spelled out strategies for integrating the SD principles.
 Implementation Strategies
It requires a plan that is designed, owned and
implemented at local levels. Localization
efforts are at the core of implementing action.
What is Sustainable Development?

Development that meets the

need of the present without
compromising the ability of the
future generation to meet their
own needs.
(Brundtland, 1987)
Sustainable development must be grounded on a clear
understanding of the trends, challenges and
opportunities that lie ahead.

• Demographic Trends
• Cultural Trends
• Science and Technology Trends
• Economic Trends
• Urbanization Trends
• Human Development Trends
• Environmental Trends
• Institutional Trends
• Political Trends
Key Actors in Sustainable Development
• Government is the key actor in POLITY, which
is concerned with democratic governance and
security of human rights.

• Civil Society is the key actor in CULTURE,

which is concerned with the development of
the social and spiritual capacities of human
beings.
• Business is the key actor in ECONOMY,
which is mainly concerned with producing
goods and services to people.
 Business is the key Government is the key
actor in ECONOMY, actor in POLITY, which
which is mainly is concerned with
concerned with democratic
producing goods and governance and
services for people security of human
rights.

Sustainable
Development

Civil Society is the key

actor in CULTURE, which
is concerned with the
development of the social
and spiritual capacities of
human beings.
 Philippine Agenda 21
Sustainable Development Principles
• Primacy of Developing Full Human Potential
This puts man at the center of all development
efforts.
• Holistic Science and Appropriate Technology.
Implies development of appropriate technology to
solve development problems with due
consideration to its impact to society and ecology.
• Cultural, Moral and Spiritual Sensitivity.
Considers the inherent strengths of local and
indigenous knowledge, practices and beliefs, while
respecting cultural diversity, moral standards and
the spiritual nature of the Filipino society.
• National Sovereignty. Self-determination at the
national level to pursue social and ecological
concerns in its governance to achieve human,
environmental and food security.
• Gender Sensitivity. Recognize the importance of
complementary roles and empowerment of both
women and men in development.
• Peace, Order and National Unity. Makes sure
that the right of everyone to a peaceful and secure
existence is respected.
• Social Justice, Inter-and Intra-Generational
Equity and Spatial Equity. Equal distribution of
resources to everyone (including future
generations) and the provision of equal access to
development opportunities and benefits to all.
• Participatory Democracy. Puts value and
support to the participation of all in the decision-
making process.
• Institutional Viability. Since SD is everyone’s
concern, institutional structures should promote
joint responsibility, unity and partnership among
all.
• Viable, Sound and Broad-based Economic
Development. Requires working for development that is
based on stable economy, where everyone equally shares
the benefits of progress.
• Sustainable Population. Needs to maintain a number
of people that can be supported by the limited capacity
of our natural resources.
• Ecological Soundness. Requires that we recognize the
earth as a common heritage that belongs to all of us, and
everyone should care for its capacity to support us and
the future generations
• Bio-geographical Equity and Community-Based
Resource Management. Means entrusting to the people
residing near or within an ecosystem the primary right to
manage its resources.
• Global Cooperation. Requires international solidarity of
every nation’s effort to build a better life and safer
environment
 Key Concepts and Principles of
Sustainable Development
• Operates on the principle of indivisible world.
Environmental problems cross national
boundaries in such phenomena as acid rain
and global warming.

• It does not mean economic stagnation or

giving up economic growth for the sake of the
environment. It should even promote
economic development as a requisite for
maintaining environmental quality.
• SD in agriculture, forestry and the
fisheries sectors involves conservation of
land, water, plant and animal genetic
sources, does not degrade the
environment and is technologically
appropriate, economically viable and
socially acceptable. (ADB, 1991)
• At the level of the individuals and
communities, SD is a process focused on
people and societies – how they define
needs with reference to their own goals
and the goals they share as members of
communities and nations.

• It is in contrast to development that

focused on resource exploitation to
generate short –term wealth.
 The Concept of
Sustainable Development
• The concept of SD is an evolving one.
There is no quick and fast rule towards
SD because of its multi-dimensional and
complex nature.
• SD is dynamic and adjusts to the
changing conditions and needs of the
time.
 Monitoring and Assessment
1. A system to coordinate and evaluate the extent to which the
Philippine Agenda 21 has been adopted and implemented by the
stakeholders
2. A system to coordinate, support and enhance existing national and
local multi sectoral as well as sectoral monitoring evaluation and
information exchange in the implementation of initiatives related to
Philippine Agenda
3. A system for reporting, feed backing and utilizing the monitoring
and evaluation results on the Philippine Agenda21 for the national and
local stakeholder communities.
National Economic Development Authority has commissioned the
drafting of a report with a three-fold agenda: 1) to provide a rapid
assessment of the implementation of Philippine Agenda 21 and the
country‘s fulfillment of its UN Conference on Environment and
Development commitments;
2) to outline, given the country‘s present state of natural resource and
ecosystem (un)sustainability, how to proceed towards the green
economy (GE), and define its contours for the country; and
3) to elaborate on the requirements and institutional framework for
sustainable development (IFSD).
First, since the launching of PA21 in 1996, particular economic, environmental and
social problems, such as population growth, social disparities, pollution and the
deterioration of the environment and the country‘s natural capital have persisted and
may have even worsened.
Second, new challenges and risks in the form of climate change, the increasing cases
of natural and humanmade disasters, the unsustainable use of freshwater, and the
depletion of groundwater sources, especially in growing urban areas, now confront the
country, further complicating an already highly complex situation.

Third, the regime change in 1998 altered government priorities somewhat. Economic
interests unsupportive of sustainable development seem to have figured more
significantly. As a consequence, as PCSD went into an apparent hiatus under the
Arroyo administration, PA 21 lost its national prominence, leaving only blocs within
civil society and particular segments of the bureaucracy—i.e. government agencies
assigned to work on social and environmental issues—to pursue SD independently
within their limited spheres of influence.
 Accomplishment and Initiatives that
complement to the goal of Philippine
Agenda21
• The Philippines Inter-Agency Committee on
climate change established by virtue of
Presidential Order No. 220
• The agriculture and Fisheries Modernization
act of 1997
• Philippine Clear Act of 1999
• The National Land Use Act
References

Philippine Business for the Environment, et al. Business Strategies for

Sustainable Development: Philippine Business Agenda 21.

Guzman, Ruth and Guzman, Roger. 2000. Environmental Education for

Sustainable Development. Wisdom Advocates Publishing, Q.C. Philippines.

Soriano, Sr. Luz Emmanuel, Claudio, C. and Fansler, L. 1995. Sustainable

Development: A Philippine Perspective. Phoenix Publishing House, Q.C.

Johannesburg Summit 2002. Key Outcomes of the Summit

Johannesburg Summit 2002. Political Declaration.

http://www.johannesburgsummit.organization/html.document/summit_docs
/1009wssd_pol...10/14/02

Johannesburg Summit 2002. Press Release of the UN Sec. General