DEVELOPMENT STUDIES- DS111

MODULE ONE -INTRODUCTION

By Mr. Golden, F
“Everybody wants development; but not
everybody understands and accepts the
basic requirements for development.
The biggest requirement is hard work”.
Nyerere, J. K, (1967). Freedom and
Socialism, (p. 244)
 MODULE OBJECTIVES
• Objectives: After studying this module you
should be able to:
• i) define the key concepts of development
and development studies
• ii) Explain the role of studying development
studies
• iii) Historical background of development
studies
• Iv) Indicators and measures of development
"...intellectuals have a special contribution
to make to the development of our nation,
and to Africa. And I am asking that their
knowledge, and the greater understanding
that they should possess, should be used
for the benefit of the society of which we
are all members."
Julius Kambarage Nyerere, from his book
Uhuru na Maendeleo (Freedom and
Development), 1973.
 Introduction

• No single definition of development

• Conceptualized from different perspective (a
number of theories e.g. modernization theories)
• Rostow (Rostowian concept)-5 stages of
economic growth. Development process is
successive stages. (Traditional, pre-take off,
growth, maturity and high mass
consumption).
 Introduction

• Different period of time

• Development of underdeveloped world (just
after the end of second world war)
• Focus on economic growth (right after WW II)
• Inclusion of people’s capacity e.g. Rodney in
1970s)
• Reduction of poverty, inequality and
unemployment (Seers, 1972)
 Introduction

• 1980s
• Linking development and environment
(Sustainable development) (WCED, 1987)
• 1990s
• Development as a process of enlarging
people’s choices (UNDP, 1990)
• Inclusion of human welfare and poverty
reduction (Contemporary development actors
e.g. Todaro in 1994)
 Introduction

• Although development is multi-dimensional

concepts, the defn should be context specific
capturing economic, social, cultural, political and
environmental features
• Detailed conceptualization of development from
various authors and institution (see next slides)
Development
• Rodney(1976) viewed development in two levels:
• At the level of an individual it implies an increased in:
• Skills and capacity
• Greater freedom
• Creativity
• Self discipline
• Responsibility
• Material wellbeing
Development
• At a level of social group (Rodney, 1976)
• It implies an increased capacity to regulate both the
internal and external relations
Development by Nyerere (1973)
• Articulates this principle as “development of the
people for the people (people centred development)
• People cannot be developed but they can develop
themselves and help others to develop
• In this context,
• People must understand their needs
• How to meet them
• Have freedom to make choice
 Development according to Todaro (1994)
• Todaro (1994) view development as a multidimensional
process involving major changes in social structures, popular
attitudes and national institutions, as well as the acceleration
of economic growth, the reduction of inequality and the
eradication of poverty.
 Development according to Todaro (1994)

• Development, in its essence, must represent the

whole gamut of change by which an entire
social system, tuned to the diverse basic needs
and desires of individuals and social groups
within that system, moves away from a condition
of life widely perceived as unsatisfactory toward
a situation or condition of life regarded as
materially and spiritually ‘better’(Todaro 1994:
16) as cited from Calvert (2007)
 Development according to Todaro (1994)

• Shorty,
• Development is a multi-dimensional process
which involves transformation in structures,
attitudes and institutions as well as the
acceleration of economic growth, reduction of
inequality and the eradication of absolute
poverty.
 Development

• A directed attempt to improve participation,

flexibility, equity, attitudes, the function of
institutions and the quality of life. It is the
creation of wealth – wealth meaning the things
people value, not just dollars (Shaffer, 1989).
 Development by Shaffer (1986) cont..

• It leads to a net addition to community assets,

avoiding the “zero sum” situation where a job
created “here”, is a job lost “there”.
 Development by Seers (1972) cont..

• For Seers (1972), development is creating

conditions for the realization of human
personality, reduction of poverty, social
inequalities and improvement in creating
employment opportunities.
 Development by Ngowi (2009) cont..

• Development is taken to mean the process

of moving from a low to a higher and more
advanced stage in various contexts –
socially, politically, economically, legally,
morally, administratively etc. (Ngowi, 2009)
 Development by Okigbo (2004)

• Is the growth in income, productivity, good

quality of life and general state of well-
being which assure an acceptable standard
of living for the people
• It usually involves efforts to reduce poverty
and to increased sustained economic
growth
 Development by Okigbo (2004)

• Development requires attention to not just

economic growth but also to a myriad of
social and cultural issues, many of which
may involve the creation and management
of knowledge, the establishment and
maintenance of institutions, the
propagation of appropriate public policies
and the energization of individual initiatives.
 Development by Okigbo (2004)

• The social and political environment must

be conducive for the optimization of these
factors, all of which are necessary for
development and the need to be leveraged
by communication
• Shortly, according to Okigbo (2004),
development should be based on the
following principles
 Principles of development
• 1. Basic needs: being geared to meeting human,
material and non-material needs
• 2. Endogenous: stemming from the heart of each
society, which defines in sovereignty, its value and the
vision of its future
• 3. Self reliance: implying that each society relies
primarily on its own strength and resources in terms of
its members energies and its natural and cultural
environment
 Principles of development
• 4. Ecology: Rationally utilizing resources of the
biosphere in full awareness of the potential of
local ecosystem, as well as the global and outer
limits imposed on present and future
generations
• 5. Participative democracy as the true form of
democracy: not merely government of the
people and for the people, but also, and more
fundamentally, “by the people” at all levels of
society
 Principles of development
• 6.Structural change: to be required, more often
than not, in social relations, in economic
activities and their spatial distribution, as well as
the power structure, so as to realize the
conditions of self-management and participation
in decision making by all those affected by it,
from the rural or urban community to the world
as a whole
 Sustainable Development

• World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED) (1987) view
sustainable development as development
that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs
 Sustainable Development

• Three Es need to be included in

sustainable development concept
• Economy
• Equity (fair/justice)
• Environment
DEVELOPMENT FROM VARIOUS INSTITUTIONS
 Development according to UNDP (1990)
• Development is growth plus change in quality and
quantity
• Economics
• Political (human rights, political freedom and
democracy)
• Culture
• Social (Health, education, housing and
employment
• The key concept must be improved quality of people’s
life
“ A better quality of life in world’s poor countries
calls for higher incomes-but it involves much
more. It encompasses better education, higher
standards of health and nutrition, less poverty, a
cleaner environment, more quality of
opportunities, greater individual freedom, and
richer cultural life.”
(World Bank 1991)
 Development
• Economic dimension
• Wealth creation
• improved condition of material life
• A social dimension
• Well being in Health
• Education
• Housing
• Employment
 Development
• Cultural dimensions
• Symbols
• Beliefs which have ultimate meaning on
life and history
 Development

• A political dimension
• Human rights
• (Right to live, worship, expression
• Political freedom
• Democracy
• Good governance
 Good Governance

• Governance is the set of processes,

policies, laws and institutions affecting the
way a country, institution, society, etc., is
directed, administered or controlled
• Good or fair governance implies that
mechanisms function in a way that
respects the rights and interests of the
stakeholders in a spirit of democracy.
 Good Governance

• It promotes accountability and strengthens

confidence in government/ management
administration
• Good governance is, in short, anti-
corruption whereby authority and its
institutions are accountable, effective and
efficient, participatory, transparent,
responsive and equitable.
 Rule of law

• Good governance requires fair legal

frameworks that are enforced impartially
• It also protects human rights, particularly
those of minorities.
• Impartial enforcement of laws requires an
independent judiciary and an incorruptible
police
 Rule of law

• The Constitution is upheld at all times

as the supreme law of the nation.
• It must be preserved against all
enemies within and without
 Participatory

• Participation by both men and women is a

key cornerstone, either directly or through
legitimate intermediate institutions or
representatives
• Participation needs to be informed and
organized, meaning the freedom of
association and expression on one hand
and an organized civil society on the other.
 Transparent

• Is transparent - Decisions are taken and

enforced in a manner that follows rules and
regulations.
• It also means that information is freely
available and directly accessible for those
who will be affected by such decisions in
easily understood forms and media.
 Responsive

• Is responsive - Good governance

requires that institutions and processes
try to serve all stakeholders within a
reasonable timeframe.
 Consensus-orientated

• Good governance requires mediation

of the different interests in society to
reach a broad consensus on what is
the best interests of the whole
community and how this can be
achieved.
 Consensus-orientated

• It also requires a broad, long-term

perspective on what is needed for
sustainable human development and how
to achieve them.
• This can only result from an understanding
of the historical, cultural and social contexts
of a given society or community.
 Equitable and inclusive

• Is equitable and inclusive - A society’s

wellbeing depends on ensuring that all
its members feel that they have a stake
and not feel excluded from mainstream
society.
 Effective and efficient

• Good governance means that processes

and institutions produce results that meet
the needs of the society while making the
best use of the resources at their disposal.
 Effective and efficient

• The concept of efficiency also covers the

sustainable use of natural resources and
the protection of the environment.
• Efficiency is “doing things right” (minimum
resource usage
 Effective and efficient

• Effectiveness is “doing right things” (Goal

attainment)
• Efficiency is concerned with means and
effectiveness with ends
 Accountability

• Key aspect of good governance.

• It cannot be enforced without transparency and
the rule of law.
• Not only governmental institutions, but the
private sector and civil society organizations
must be accountable to the public and their
institutional stakeholders in their decisions or
actions.
"The issue of good governance
and capacity-building is what we
believe lies at the core of all
Africa's problems" - Commission
for Africa, 2005
 Good Governance

• Good governance is integral to economic

growth, the eradication of poverty and hunger
and sustainable development. The views of all
oppressed groups, including women, youth and
poor, must be heard & considered by governing
bodies because they will be most negatively
affected if good governance is not achieved
[https://www.ifad.org/topic/governance]
INDICATORS AND MEASURES
 INDICATORS AND MEASURES
• Are parameters (measures) that can be used to
assess whether there is development in a given area
at a particular time and whether this development is
increasing, stagnant or decreasing over time.
• A statistic or measurement used to gauge
development
• Development indicators vary depending on:
• Opposite of poverty indicators
• Development frameworks e.g. SDGs, MDGs &
TDV 2025
Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

• 17 goals
• 169 targets
• 230 individual indicators
Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

• End poverty in all its forms everywhere

• End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
• Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being
for all at all ages
• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

• Achieve gender equality and empower all

women and girls
• Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
• Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable and modern energy for all
Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

• Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable

economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all
• Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
and sustainable industrialization and foster
innovation
Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

• Reduce inequality within and among countries

• Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient and sustainable
• Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns
• Take urgent action to combat climate change
and its impacts
Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

• Conserve and sustainably use the oceans,

seas and marine resources for sustainable
development
• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use
of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, combat desertification, and halt and
reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity
loss
Sustainable Development Goals, 2015

• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for

sustainable development, provide access to
justice for all and build effective, accountable
and inclusive institutions at all levels
• Strengthen the means of implementation and
revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (2000)

• Poverty and hunger

• Education
• Gender
• Three health related goals
• Environment
• Global partnership
 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS (2000)
• 8 goals
• 18 targets
• 48 indicators
 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (2000)

• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• Achieve universal primary education
• Promote gender equality and empower women
• Reduce child mortality
• Improve maternal health
• Combat HIV-AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Ensure environmental sustainability
• Develop a global partnership for development
TANZANIA DEVELOPMENT VISION 2025
HIGH QUALITY LIVELIHOOD
• Food security
• Eradication of illiteracy
• Gender equality and empowerment
• Access to primary health care to all
• Reproductive health care for all
• Reduce IMR and MMR by three-quarter
• Access to clean water
• Life expectancy
• Absence of abject poverty
STRONG AND COMPETITIVE ECONOMY
• Diversified and semi-industrialized
economy
• Economic stability
• Economic growth
• Physical infrastructure
• Active and competitive players in the
market
GOOD GOVERNANCE AND RULE OF LAW

• Moral and cultural uprights

• Adherence and respect to the rule of law
• Absence of corruption
• Confident learning society
GOOD GOVERNANCE AND RULE OF LAW

• Moral and cultural uprights

• Adherence and respect to the rule of law
• Absence of corruption
• Confident learning society
 Reading tasks
• With examples, explain on how the following
aspects hamper development
• Political instability and corruption
• Exploitation of natural resources and workers
regardless of consequences
• Dependence of agricultural products or
primary products such as mineral resources
• Misuse of foreign assistance
• Misguided priorities
• Cultural resistance to modernization
MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT
MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT

• Gross Domestic Product

• Final output of goods and services
produced by a country economy
within the country territory
MEASURES OF DEVELOPMENT cont…..

• Sectoral contribution on Tanzania Gross

Domestic Product
• Tourism (9%)
• Minerals (33%)
• Industries (9%)
• Agriculture (26.6%)
• Others (35%)
MEASURES

• Gross National Product (GNP)

•Total domestic and Foreign out
claimed by residents only
MEASURES

• Income Per Capita (IPC)

• Gross National Product of a country
divide by Total population
• Compute IPC given the following information
• Tanzania total population 53 million
• GNP is 60 Trillion
MEASURES

• Least Income Economies (Less than

$765)
• Medium Income Economies ($b766 –
9385)
• High Income Economies (More than $
9385)
MEASURES

• First, Second and Third World Countries

• First ( Capitalist market economy)
• Second (State owned economy)
• Third (Poor economies, colonized,
agricultural based societies, debt,
famine)
MEASURES

• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

• The number of units of that currency
required to purchase the same basket of
goods and services compared to other
international currency (Exchange rates)
• PPP accounts for price differences across
different countries
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
• Three dimensions are examined
• Life expectancy
• Education
• Per Capita Income
• Human Centred Approach
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
• Low Human Development
• HDI less than 0.499
• Medium Human Development
• HDI btn 0.500 to 0.799
• High Human Development
• HDI of 0.800 and above
• Maximum HDI is 1.000
PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX

• Abbreviated as PQLI
• Dimensions of measurements include
•Literacy rates
•Infant Mortality
•Life expectancy
 AUGMENTED PHYSICAL QUALITY OF LIFE
INDEX
• Abbreviated as APQLI
• Initiated by United Nations Economic and
Social Council (ECOSC)
• Nutrition
• Health
• Education
• Economic diversification
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
HISTORICAL + MEANING OF
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES
 HISTORICAL + MEANING OF DS

• Coincided within the end of the 2nd WW

and the decolonization of most of Asian
and African countries 1940s and 1960s

• Institutionalized in universities as a field

of research and teaching in 1960 and
1970s (in UK)
 HISTORICAL + MEANING OF DS

 In Tanzania DS was introduced as a common

course to university and colleges after Arusha
declaration in 1973 so as to build socialist
state based on the traditional communal way
of life, Ujamaa.
 HISTORICAL + MEANING OF DS

• Regarded as a major source of

information for research on and for
study
• Increasing concern of economic
prosperity in third word countries
 HISTORICAL + MEANING OF DS

• Failure of economics alone to fully

address issues such as political
participation and education thereby
called for a specific discipline to
address these issues effectively
 DEFINITION OF DS
• Development Studies is a multi- and inter-
disciplinary field of study that seeks to
understand social, economic, political,
technological and cultural aspects of societal
change, particularly in developing countries.
 DEFINITION OF DS

• It is a study of developing countries-

including those of Africa, Asia, Latin
America and pacific countries
• Paying more attention to developing
worlds, cultures and literatures
 DEFINITION OF DS
• Other areas of focus include:
• Politics
• Economic growth
• Employment issues
• Gender
• Class
• Citizenship
• Development ethics, Justice
 DEFINITION OF DS
• DS is regarded as concerned with the
process of change as it affects
developing economies and countries
• Institutional definition of DS
• a kind of teaching and research done in
development studies departments,
centers, institutes in universities
 DEFINITION OF DS
• It is dedicated and equipped to generate applied
knowledge of practical benefit in the formulation and
implementation of development policies and
interventions such as:
• Tanzania Development Vision 2025,
• National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty, 2005
• Property and Business Formalization
Programs
• Business Environment Strengthening in
Tanzania
 DEFINITION OF DS

 DS is centred on two sets of issues:

 How to promote economic growth
and
 How to overcome poverty
 Is a multidisciplinary branch of social
science which addresses issues of
concern to developing countries.
 DEFINITION OF DS
 DS is known as
 International Development Studies
 Third World Studies
 International Development
 Third World Development
 World Development
 Global Perspectives
 International Studies
 ROLE OF STUDYING DS
• Broaden / improve the knowledge about
development issues
• Enable in critical analysis and evaluate the
problems related to development and recommend
ways of solving them
• Problems related to politics, economics,
science and technology, agriculture, industry,
environment etc)
• Requirements for academic award
• Source of employment
ROLE OF STUDYING DS
• It is about analyzing the unequal distribution of
global public goods, and the disproportional impact
that environmental degradation and climate change
are having on the most vulnerable groups
(Hollander, 2014)
• Analysis of development perspectives of socially,
economically, culturally and politically marginalized
people in both low- and middle-income countries.
References
• Nyerere, J.K (1973). Freedom and Development,
Oxford University Press: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,
pp
• Rodney, W (1976). How Europe Underdeveloped
Africa, Published by Bogle-L’ouverture and
Tanzania Publishing House, Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania, 316pp
• Calvert, P and Calvert, S. (2007). Politics and
Society in the Third World (3rd edition). Pearson
Education Limited Publications. Printed and bound
in Malaysia, 489 pages
References
• Hollander , S. (2014). The Broker reports from
the EADI conference 'Responsible
Development in a Polycentric World:
Inequality, Citizenship and the Middle
Classes: 23 – 26 June 2014 in Bonn
• World Commission on Environment and
Development (1987). Our Common Future.
Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 27.
References
• Commission for Africa (2005). Our Common
Interest. Accessed from [www.
news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/11_03_0
5africa.pdf]. Site visited on 9/6/2016
• Okigbo, C.C and Eribo, F. (2004).
Development and Communication in Africa.
Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publisher,
Inc, United Kingdom
References
• Shaffer, R. E. (1989). Community Economics.
Economic Structure and Change in Smaller
Communities. Iowa State University Press,
Ames, Iowa.
• Electronic sources: United Nations
Publications, Tanzania Parliament website,
World Bank reports , can be used as
reference materials
Thank You