Dimensions of Development

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 Definitions of Development
• Edward W. Weidner: Development is a state of
mind, a tendency, a direction rather than fixed
goal. It is a rate of change in particular
direction.
• Gunnar Myrdal: Development is away from
underdevelopment.
• Dudley Sheer: Development means change
plus growth.
 Definition of Development
• Riggs FW: Development is a process of
increasing autonomy of social system made
possible by rising level of diffractions.
 Definition of Development
• GE Caiden: Nobody really knows the word
development really stands for any more.
• Economists identify it with economic productivity,
• sociologist with social change or social
differentiation,
• political scientists with democratization, political
capacity of expanded government,
• administrators with bureaucratization optimum
efficiency, performance or to assume all burdens.
 Development
• The problem of development must be defined as a
relative attack on the worst forms of poverty.
Development goals must be defined in terms of
progressive reduction and eventual elimination of
malnutrition,disease,illiteracy,immorality,
unemployment and inequalities. We were taught to
take care of our GNP as this will take care of poverty.
Let us reverse this and take care of poverty as this will
take care of the GNP(Manbub Al Haq, Quoted by G.M.
Meier, Leading issues in Economic Development, Third
Edition, 1996, p. 9 )
 What was considered Development

• …prior to 1970’ development was nearly

always seen as an economic phenomenon in
which rapid gains in overall and per capita GNP
growth would either “ Trickle down” to the
masses in the form of jobs and other economic
opportunities or create the necessary
conditions for the distribution of the economic
and social benefits of growth (Michal P. Todaro,
Economic Development, p. 14).
 Pre-conditions of development
• Stable political system,
• Stable administrative system,
• A well grounded culture,
• A system of planning,
• People’s participation,
• Far sightedness,
• Adequate resources.
 Dimension

• The dimensions of development is related

with Economic, social, political and Natural
aspects of development.
 Dimension or Aspects of Development
• Development is an overall process, with
significant social, political, cultural; political
and human as well as economic dimensions
(Norman D Palmer, Quoted by R.K.Sapru,p.14)
• Thus the development is a complex
phenomenon comprising many dimensions-
Social, political, economic, administrative and
cultural (R.K.Sapru, p.6)
 Dimensions of Development
• As written by Bhim Dev Bhatta, the aspects of
development are: Economic aspect, Socio-
cultural aspect, geo-political, Technological,
and Administration/management aspect.
 Dimensions of Development
• Economic,
• Socio-cultural,
• Geo-political,
• Technological, and
• Administration/management aspect.
 Objectives Political Dimension
• Equality,
• Capacity,
• Differentiation and Specialization,
• Differentiation in organization and increase in
specialization,
 Political Dimension
Lucian Pye in his work ‘Aspects of Political Development’
has very systematically explained the different ways in
which political Development has been defined by
various political scientists
(1) As the Political Pre-requisite of Economic
Development,
(2) as the Politics Typical of Industrial Societies,
(3) as Political Modernisation,
(4) as the Operation of the Nation State,
(5) as Administrative and Legal Development,
 Political aspect
(6) as Mass Mobilisation and Participation,
(7) as the Building of Democracy,
(8) as Stability and Orderly Change,
(9) as Mobilisation and Power,
(10) as one Aspect of a Multi-Dimensional
Process of Social Change.
https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-gloss
ary/economic-development/
 Social Development
• In the process of modernization, both
economic and social development have to go
hand in hand a politically developed country
(R.K.Sapru p.8).
• Raising the level of people’s life is both the
objective of development and also its
improvement (Hand W. Singer, Quoted by
Faisal S.A. al-Salem p.170).
 Objectives of Social Development
• Quality reform of Education, Health, Family
planning, Housing,
• Welfare and development of Weak people of
the Society, specially Scheduled caste,
• Supplementary welfare service,
• Social reform,
 Culture for Development Indicators

Dimensions Sub-dimensions
• 1. Added value of cultural
activities to GDP
• Economy 2. Employment in culture
3. Household expenditures
on culture.
Dimensions
Sub-dimensions
• Education • 1. Complete, fair and
inclusive education for all
2. Valorization of
interculturality, cultural
diversity and creativity in
the first two years of
secondary school
3. Training of professionals
in the cultural sector
Dimensions Sub-dimensions
• Heritage • 1. Promotion and
valorization of heritage
Dimensions Sub-dimensions
• Governance and 1. Standard-setting framework
Institutionality
for culture
2. Policy and institutional
framework for culture
3. Distribution of cultural
infrastructure
4. Civil society participation in
cultural governance
Dimensions Sub-dimensions
• Social 1. Participation in
Participation cultural activities
2. Trust
3. Freedom of self-
determination
Dimensions Sub-dimensions
• Communication 1. Freedom of
Expression
2. Access and Internet
use
3. Diversity of media
content
 Hindrances of Social develop,
• Lacking people’s participation
• Lack of education,
• Political instability,
• Lack of financial resources,
• Lack of social reformer,
 Human Development
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a
summary measure of average achievement in
key dimensions of human development:
a long and healthy life,
being knowledgeable and
 have a decent standard of living.
The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized
indices for each of the three dimensions.
 Economic Development
• In the eyes of Jeff Finkle, who has been
President and CEO of the
International Economic Development Council
for many years, “economic development is
about creating places where people want to
invest, work and live.
• https://placebrandobserver.com/what-is-economic-development
 Economic Dimension
Economic development
According to Prof. Higgins: Economic Development is
the increase in per capita and national income (NI)
of a country.
According to Prof. Meir and Baldwin:
Economic Development is a process whereby the
real NI of a country increases over a long period of
time. If the increase in the real NI is more than the
population increase then the per capita real income
of the country will also increase.
 Economic development
• the development of economic wealth of
countries, regions or communities for
• the well-being of their inhabitants.
• From a policy perspective, economic development
can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the
economic well-being and
• quality of life for a community by creating and/or
retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes
and the tax base.http://www.svbic.com/node/24
 Key Indicators
1. Per Capita Income:
The most important indicator of economic
under-development is low per capita income.
Usually, an LDC is defined as one in which per
capita real income is low when compared with
that of USA, Canada, Australia and Western
Europe. In fact, their measured per capita
incomes are above 20% of those in high-in-
come countries.
 2. Poverty

• The second important indicator of economic

underdevelop­ment is poverty. Not only per
capita income is low, there is inequality in the
distribution of income. Many people in LDCs
do not get the minimum level of income
necessary for a minimum caloric intake are
said to be living below the poverty line. The
World Bank uses per capita GNP of less than
$480 as its criterion of poverty.
 Basic Human Needs

• Since per capita income figures of different

countries are a rough indicator of poverty,
some economists suggest indicators of how
basic human needs are being met. Although
there is hardly any agreement on the exact
defini­tion of basic human needs, the general
idea is to set minimal levels of caloric intake,
health care, clothing and shelter.
 Physical quality-of-life index
• An alternative to per capita income is a
physical quality-of-life index to evaluate living
standards. The most common approach uses
life expectancy, infant mortality and literacy as
indicators.
 3. Social and Health Indicators

• There are also certain social and health

indicators of economic backwardness. These
show the effects of poverty in poor countries.
Life expectancy at birth is low, but rate of
infant mortality is high. The percentage of
illiterate people in total population is high.
Educational attainment by most people is
modest, reflecting low levels of investment in
human capital.
 4. Operational Patterns

• Another important indicator of economic back­

wardness is occupational pattern. It is widely
believed that the countries in which most of
national output or national income is derived from
the primary sector (i.e., agriculture, forestry, animal
husbandry, mining etc.) are underdeveloped.
• In other words, the greater the contribution of
agricul­ture, the more economically backward a
country is supposed to be. Most people in LDCs live
in rural areas and work on farms.
 HDI
• We need a perspective of economic development
that incorporates human development. The
UNDP, for instance, emphasizes the concept and
measurement of human development in terms of
humans Development Index (HDI), The HDI is
based only on real income, but also on social
indicators of life expectancy, adult literacy, and
years of schooling(G.M. Meier, Leading issues in
Economic Development, Sixth edition(1995) p.9)
 Human Development Index
(HDI)
• Real income,
• life expectancy,
• Adult literacy, and years of schooling.
 Real Income

• The gross national income per capita, or GNI,

measures the annual income of the average citizen
based on purchasing power parity, or PPP. The GNI
index uses a minimum income of $100 and a
maximum of $75,000. The index uses a logarithmic
scale to show the decrease in purchasing power as
income increases.
• The GNI per capita for citizens of Generica is $50,000.
The income index for the HDI would be [Log(50,000) -
Log(100)]/ [Log(75,000) - Log(100)], or 0.94.
 Life Expectancy Index

• The life expectancy factor helps to determine how

long the average citizen lives, how healthy she can
remain during His/her life and how much s/he can
contribute in his/her working life. The HDI
measures life expectancy from 20 to 85 years.
• For instance, in the fictitious country of Generica,
the life expectancy at birth is 70 years. The life
expectancy index would be (70-20)/(85-20), or
0.77.
 Adult literacy, and years of schooling
• The education index is found by dividing the number
of years of schooling for adults age 25 and older by
the expected years of schooling for children of
school age. For instance, adult citizens of Generica
typically go to school for 12 years, but school-age
children are expected to go for at least 15 years. The
education index for Generica is 12/15, or 0.8.
 Calculating the HDI

Calculating the HDI

• The HDI is found by taking the geometric mean of the life expectancy, education
and income indexes. The geometric mean for three numbers involves taking the
product of the numbers and finding the cube root. In the equation below, taking a
number to the 1/3 power is the same as finding the cube root. For Generica, the
formula would look like this:
• (0.77 x 0.8 x 0.94) ^ 0.3333333
• = (0.58) ^ 0.3333333
• = 0.83
• Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
• The typical HDI calculation does not account for the inequalities in different
countries. The inequality-adjusted human development index, or IHDI, takes these
inequalities into account and shows the loss to human development due to
inequality. The IHDI measures inequality using the same elements measured in the
HDI. For instance, countries with a handful of rich citizens and millions in poverty
will show a high level of inequality in the income index.
 Technological dimension

• Technology can be the knowledge of

techniques, processes, and the like, or it can
be embedded in machines to allow for
operation without detailed knowledge of their
workings. The simplest form of technology is
the development and use of basic tools.
 Technological dimension
• Technology can be the knowledge of
techniques, processes, and the like, or it can
be embedded in machines to allow for
operation without detailed knowledge of their
workings. The simplest form of technology is
the development and use of basic tools. …
 Administration/management Dimension

• A bureaucracy is a large administrative

organization that handles the day-to-day
business of a government or society.
• Bureaucracy has several
important functions in
developing the nation such as
Implementation, Administration and
Regulation.
• They execute laws and policies to attain the
goals of welfare state that is social equity
economic development and so on.
 References
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 References

Chatterjee S. k. (1996) Development Administration with

special reference to India, Delhi: Surjeet Publications.
Sapru, R. K. (1996) Devlopment Administration (reprint
1997), New-Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited.

Assed on 4th Aug 2018

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-the-definition-of-development/