Women Empowerment Through Self-help Group-

A Case Study Of Ward Number 13 and Ward Number 20

Khardah Municipality, North Twenty -four Parganas,
West Bengal

Presented By

Roll no. 16G5MS0064

M.SC. Semester IV
Department Of Geography
Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College
 CONTENT

 Introduction
 Justification Of The Study Area Selection
 Location Map
 Objectives And Hypothesis
 Research Methodology
 Review Of Literature
 Position And Status Of Women
• Role Of Education In Women Empowerment
• Role And Status Of Women In India
 Programmes And Policies For Women Empowerment
 Result And Discussion
 Implementation Of Programmes
 Key Findings And Conclusion, Suggestions
Introduction
• In the present scenario, the concept of development depends on the
vulnerability of both the gender. The concept of development has broadened up
by quantitative aspects as well as qualitative aspects. Quantitative aspects, like
increase in real income, consumption, wealth etc. and their equal distribution
and simultaneously it also includes some other qualitative aspects like freedom
of choose opportunities, capabilities of person etc.
• The meaningful development includes gender equality in enjoying freedom of
speech, less poverty or better access to basic amenities and opportunities.
• For the human development, woman has been as important as man. The status,
employment and work performed by both men as well as women in society is
the important indicator of a nation’s overall progress. Without the participation
of women in national activities, the social, economic or political progress of a
country will be stagnated.
 Concept of Empowerment
• The word empowerment stems from notions of ‘power”. Empowerment is generally described as an
expression in people’s ability to make strategic life choices in a context where the ability was previously
denied to them (Kabeer,2001). Empowerment implies that a man or woman develops a greater self-
confidence with an inner transformation. They have right to determine their own choices in life. They also
seek to gain control and access to resources.
 Women empowerment
• Empowerment of women refers to giving decision making power to women in social, economic and political
sphere of life. Empowerment of women is very much essential to achieve sustainable development.
 Tool for Women Empowerment: SHGs
• The SHGs, a voluntary association of 10-20 people (mainly women) who come together to solve their
problems based upon mutual help and self-help have emerged as a vital tool to alleviate poverty and bring
about empowerment of women who join the SHGs. Self-help groups have emerged as one of the major
strategies for women’s empowerment and various schemes of the government of the India have shown that
strong women’s groups could contribute substantially to the development and convergence of services and
activities. Women cannot be ignored while devising various policies for rural and socio economic
development.so treating the women with equality of opportunities is very much required. (Soumitro
Chakravarty et.al, 2003)
Justification of The Study Area Selection
• In order to study the nature of empowerment of women and their position in household
well-being and role of literacy in their lives, we have considered the two wards in the
municipality of Khardah consisting of 22 wards in North 24 parganas district of West
Bengal. The justification behind the selection of the study area are stated as follows:
• As it is a municipality area, the study of women or women development has not been taken
into considerations. We have taken into 2 wards of Khardah Municipality, North Twenty-
Four Parganas, West Bengal among 22 wards in consideration for our study area.
• The study will help the policy makers, the government, the non-government organisations
to take appropriate projects and policies for improving the situation of women in our study
area.
LOCATION MAP
Objectives and Hypothesis:
• The prime objectives of this study to examine are:
• To find out the importance of rate of literacy and income that help them in decision making
power at household.
• To identify the Self-Help Groups and their support to various groups under them.
• To understand the work participation of women in the various activities provide by SHGs
and own decision-making power.
• To find out the status of women after joining the SHGs.
• To meet the above objectives, it has been assumed that;

o H1: “There is a positive relationship between education of the women and decision
making in family.”
o H2: “Women’s earning capability increases with help of SHGs that improved their
social status.”
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• Research Design refers to the conceptual framework within which a given study needs to be conducted.
The importance of a proper and accurate research design is very important for any study as it is a plan of
action for any research project. The work is done by simple stratified random sampling. There are 2 wards
taken to explain the condition of women and role of shgs.
• 1.Collection of Data
• The work was undertaken with the help of primary and secondary data.
• Primary Data
• Interview schedule was used to collect primary data from the respondents. A pilot study was carried out in
the research based on which an interview schedule was framed and finally 103 respondents from 2 wards
i.e., 53 respondents from ward no. 13 and 60 respondents from ward no. 20 were interviewed through a
well-designed schedule.
• Secondary Data
Secondary data are in the form of published journals, Kurukshetra, Yojana, Civil Services Chronicles and
various magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, books, etc. Internet has also served as an efficient source of
secondary data.
• Period of the Study
• For the purpose of the study, the respondents, From the two wards and who have joined in Self-help
Groups.
• Statistical Tools Used. The various statistical tools for the purpose of analysing the data collected. The
tools used are listed below:
1. Percentages
It plays a vital role in interpreting large data in a very simple manner. The present study has utilised
percentages in almost all areas of data analysis and interpretation.
2. Chi-Square Test
• In order to identify the factors influencing the status of SHG women and their empowerment level,
Chi-square test was used and the formula is given below:
−
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆 ^
𝟐
= ∑
χ 2 𝒇𝒆

with Degree of Freedom (D.F.) = (c-1) (r-1) where,

fO = Observed Frequency,
fe = Expected Frequency,
c = Number of Columns,
r = Number of Rows.
Review of Literature on Extent of Women Empowerment in India
• Pradip k. Bhowmick (2009) explains about the concept of empowerment in rural areas. Author highlighted that the need of
empowerment in rural area to help in the development of women. Author has shown the various measures and levels of
empowerment.
• Dr (Smt.) Rajeshwari M. Shettar (2015) analyse the status of women empowerment in India and has highlighted the issues and
challenges of women empowerment. Author has explained that empowerment of women is essential for the process of economic,
social, and political status. Author tried to conclude that access to education, employment and change in social structure are important
factors to women empowerment.
• Vinita Pandey (2016) has explained in the chapter about the “women in India”. Author has described every aspect, status, conditions
of women from ancient period to modern period of India. She also mentioned the policies and concept of self-help groups with their
role in empowerment.
• M. Suguna (2011), “Education and Women Empowerment in India”. In this paper, author suggests us about the importance of
education in women’s life. We can have better development of women with education only. We cannot ignore the importance of
education. We should give them education to make them empowerment and self-depend. The education will bring the equality and
improve the structure of our society. The education can do the growth of women in rural areas.
• Dhruba Hazarika (2011), “Women Empowerment in India: A Brief Discussion”. Author has analyses in this paper about the earlier
period when women were getting equal status in the society. But in the Vedic and epic ages, the situation changed and they were faced
many problems. Sometimes they were treated as slave and they position became worse that time. From early twenty century the
movement for women empowerment changed many things. Nowadays they are getting again equal status but not all the places.
• Soumitro Chakravarty, Anant Kumar, Amar Nath Jha (2013), “Women’s Empowerment in India: Issues, Challenges and Future
Directions”. The study tells us the importance of women empowerment in worldwide and the steps also are taken by the government.
The women are not provided the important facilities like health, education and nitrous food so they can keep themselves away from
the disease. Government is focusing on these points with great enthusiasm and providing the necessary things to women so they can
keep their health well. The process of women empowerment is shown in this research paper.
Role of Education in Women Empowerment
 Education and literacy empower women. The only way a society or nation can move forward and
aspire to economic growth and development is not just through education- but especially education
among the women citizens. There are several reasons for this.
 Education liberates: Education liberates the mind.. Books which educate open up our minds to
places, people and possibilities we’d never have thought of otherwise. Therefore, an educated
woman will also be a liberated woman.
 Education breaks down barriers:
• Education enables us to break down all barriers- religious, linguistic, cultural, political, gender and
geographical.
• An educated woman will not discriminate others on the basis of these barriers- she will treat
everyone the same, and work with them.
• She might also choose a husband neglecting such barriers and can bring families from different
backgrounds together.
 Education allows the privilege of choice:
• As education opens up new worlds to women, it will enable them to make their own choices, in
everything- whether it be lifestyle, career, life-partner, sexuality, food etc.
• Education will teach them to discriminate between wrong and right and make the correct choices
in life.
• it will also teach them to be independent, make their own choices and not bow down to anyone, or
society’s asinine norms.
 Education helps choose a career and gets financial independence:
• Education, today, is enabling women to go beyond professions considered traditionally
good for them- like medicine, nursing, teaching, librarian etc. Today, women are
becoming models, actors, fighter pilots, gym instructors, cops, writers, engineers,
architects, journalists, scientists, corporate, law, filmmaking and whatnot- they are
breaking the glass ceiling.
 Educated women contributes to economy:
• The contribution to the workforce will enhance the output, and therefore, the economy
will develop.
Role and Status of Women in India

• Introduction: Traditionally, an Indian woman had four-fold status-role sequences. These were her role as a
daughter, wife, housewife (homemaker), and mother. The woman, whose status and role traditionally were well
defined and almost fixed in the society, is now experiencing far-reaching changes.
• Women’s Role in Society: The modern women are inclined towards the social issues and trying hard to
improve the social status of women at large. Increased awareness and education has inspired women to come
out of the four walls of the home. Many women actively supported and participated in the nationalist movement
and secured eminent positions and offices in administration and public life in free India.
• Woman as a wife: Woman as a wife enjoyed ideally a status almost equally to that of her husband and
performed both social as well as biological functions.
• Women’s role in politics: Education of women has not only helped them to become aware of the political
problems, but they are gradually becoming active participants in the political life
• Participation of Women in Socio-economic activities: The woman in modern times is entering into certain
new fields that were unknown to the woman’s sphere of role-sets. These are the woman’s participation in
economic, political, and social life.
• Marriage: Most women, even the educated, regard marriage as a matter of parental choice. Many young girls
of the middle and upper classes are educated with a view to marriage rather than to careers.
• Women equality is not universal: Women’s equality in terms of education, employment, and power is still an
individual rather than a universal achievement.
• Unaware of their legal status: Women are generally not aware of the provisions related to
the improvement of their own position. Even if they know about some of the provisions
related to their rights of succession, marriage, or family, they do not desire to invoke them.
• Role of Women Welfare Organizations: Among the national level, the important
organizations are Young Women Christian Association, All India Women’s Conference,
National Council of Women, Inner Wheel (Women’s section of the Rotary International). In
many cities, local organizations exist such as Mahaila Mandal, Mahaila Samiti, and
Recreation Clubs, etc.
• Conclusion: Educated women are just on the threshold of transition from tradition to
modernity. The women themselves desire that their status and position in society should
rise higher. Though a proper climate for such a change is still wanting, yet there have been
many structural and statutory innovations for the improvement of their position. The
traditional status and role sets of women are breaking up and new role-sets based on
achievement, independence and equality are gradually coming up.
Programmes for Women Welfare and Empowerment
PROGRAMMES AND SCHEMES IN INDIA
• Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Urban Livelihoods Mission (Day-NULM):
• Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY)
• DhanLakshmi Scheme
• Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) – SABLA
• NMEW (National Mission for Empowerment for Women)
• PSK (Poorna Shakti Kendra)
• Step (Support to Training & Employment Programme)
• RMK (Rashtriya Mahila Kosh) -- (National Credit Fund for Women)
• WWH (Working Women Hostel)
• Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme for The Children of Working Mothers (RGNCS)
• UJJWALA
• SWADHAR
• Women’s Empowerment and Livelihood Programme in Mid Gangetic Plain (WELP) Also Called
Priyadarshini
• HLCW (High Level Working Committee on Status of Women)
• Kanyashree Prakalp Scheme
 NATIONAL URBAN LIVELIHOODS MISSION: Urban poverty being multi-dimensional, various vulnerabilities faced
by the poor in cities and towns: occupational, residential and social need to be addressed simultaneously in a comprehensive
and integrated manner with a targeted focus on the vulnerable groups so that a definitive impact can be made on ground.
Residential vulnerability issues are being addressed through programmes like JNNURM and RAY.
 DEENDAYAL ANTYODAYA YOJANA-NATIONAL URBAN LIVELIHOODS MISSION (DAY-NULM):To reduce
poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor households by enabling them to access gainful self-employment and skilled wage
employment opportunities, resulting in an appreciable improvement in their livelihoods on a sustainable basis, through
building strong grassroots level institutions of the poor.
• The mission would aim at providing shelters equipped with essential services to the urban homeless in a phased manner. In
addition, the mission would also address livelihood concerns of the urban street vendors by facilitating access to suitable
spaces, institutional credit, social security and skills to the urban street vendors for accessing emerging market opportunities.
 KANYASHREE PRAKALP SCHEME
• Kanyashree Prakalpa seeks to improve the status and wellbeing of girls, specifically those from socio-economically
disadvantaged families through Conditional Cash Transfers by:
• Incentivizing them to continue in education for a longer period of time, and complete secondary or higher secondary
education, or equivalent in technical or vocational steams, thereby giving them a better footing in both the economic and
social spheres.
• Disincentivising marriage till at least the age of 18, the legal age of marriage, thereby reducing the risks of early pregnancies,
associated risks of maternal and child mortality, and other debilitating health conditions, including those of malnutrition.
• It was also decided that the Scheme should confer more than just monetary support; it should be a means of financial
inclusion and a tool of empowerment for adolescent girls. The scheme's benefits are therefore paid directly to bank accounts
in the girls' names, leaving the decision of utilization of the money in their hands.
Results
• 4.1 Socio-Economic-Demographic Characteristics of Khardah
• Khardah is a Municipality city in district of North Twenty-Four Parganas, West Bengal. The Khardah city
is divided into 22 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Khardah Municipality has
population of 108,496 of which 54,879 are males while 53,617 are females as per report released by
Census India 2011.

SHOWING TOTAL NUMBER OF MALE AND FEMALE WITH RESPECT TO

TOTAL POPULATION OF KHARDAH MUNICIPALTY, CENSUS 2011
10000
NUMBER OF PERSON

9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
WARDS
Persons Male Female Others
 LEVEL OF EDUCATION
• Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 7332 which is 6.76 % of total population of Khardah (M). In
Khardah Municipality, Female Sex Ratio is of 977 against state average of 950. Moreover, Child Sex
Ratio in Khardah is around 944 compared to West Bengal state average of 956. Literacy rate of Khardah
city is 94.37 % higher than state average of 76.26 %. In Khardah, Male literacy is around 96.20 % while
female literacy rate is 92.50 %.

SHOWING CHANGE IN LITERACY RATE OF FEMALE POPULATION

FROM YEAR 2001 TO 2011 WARD WISE IN KHARDAH
MUNICIPALITY, CENSUS 2011
120
CHANGE IN LITAERCY RATE OF

100
FEMALE POPULATION

80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
-20
NUMBER OF WARDS

2001 FEMALE 2011 FEMALE CHANGE FEMALE

 ANALYSIS FROM QUESTIONNAIRE FOR RESPONDENT FROM
SELECTED STUDY AREAS (WARD NUMBER 13 AND WARD
NUMBER 20)
NUMBER OF RESPONDENT NUMBER OF RESPONDENT
(WARD NO. 13) (WARD NO. 20)

19% MALE MALE

FEMALE 40% FEMALE

60%
81%
FIG 1.3

From the above survey data, as female respondent is necessary to respond, there are male respondent
who respond on behave of their wives and female members, this happened due to absence of female
respondent at home. Because they were having works like cooking at different locality and
neighbourhood, working and earning for family as maid, nurse at hospitals and private personal care
taker. From the data its shows that the female respondent is less in ward no. 20 than ward no. 13
 AGE GROUP OF RESPONDENT
70 from the above survey data, as female
62%
60 respondent is necessary to respond, the survey
52% was done with the help of female respondent
50
40 especially belongs to the age group of 30-40
33%
30
years with 62% and 33%, in ward no 13 and
20
19% ward no 20 respectively. this age group
9% 7% 9% 7% indicates that the residing no. of female
10
0 2% population is of age 30 to 40 years mostly
0
<20 years 20-30 years 30-40 years 40-50 years >50 years housewives. the next group of 20 to 30, with
TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENT IN WARD NO 13 (%) the 19% and 52% of female respondent.
TOTAL PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENT IN WARD NO 20(%)
CASTE OF RESPONDENT OF CASTE OF RESPONDENT IN
WARD NO 13 WARD NO 20
Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by,
hereditary transmission of a life style which often 0%7%
includes an occupation, status in a hierarchy. IN the
10%
0%
survey, it is found that the percentage of general caste 30%
population is much more than the other caste. With the 28%
62% and 63% of respondent are general in ward no 13 62%
63%
and ward no 20 respectively.

GENERAL SC ST OBC GENERAL SC ST OBC

 FAMILY TYPE
From the survey it is found that nuclear family with
91% 95% 91% and 95 % respondent from ward no. 13 and
100
PERCENTAGE % OF

20,are more preferable than joint family. The

80
RESPONDENT

nuclear family does consist of either couples of two

60
or a family with husband, wife and children. Most
40 of the respondent are married with 68% and 84% of
20 9% 5% respondent as compare to unmarried. The other
0
respondent are joint family with the family
NUCLEAR JOINT members of 4 to 7 .
WARD NO 13 WARD NO 20

FAMILY SIZE MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

PERCENTAGE % OF

100 8%
RESPONDENT

90 95% WIDOWED
80 91% 9%
70 3%
60 DIVORCED
5%
50
40 20%
30 UNMARRIED 26%
20
10 8% 5% 2% 0 68%
0 MARRIED 84%
0 TO 3 MEMBERS 4 TO 7 MEMBERS 7 TO 10 MEMBERS

0 20 40 60 80 100
WARD NO 13 WARD NO 20 WARD NO 20 WARD NO 13
 LEVEL OF LITERACY Literacy plays a important role in all aspects of life. Here
40 the high qualification in these two ward is either primary
37
35 education and secondary education. Few families are
32 30
30 28 having scholarship facilities due to their child is still
25
19
studying at school. From the school going children of
20 17
13
these family, it is found that due to single girl child they
15 12
9 are getting scholarship under the scheme of Kanyashree
10
3 prakalp . Compare to ward 20 , the maximum student
5
0
gets Kanyashree prakalp help in ward no 13(62.3%).
ILLITERATE PRIMARY SECONDARY HIGH DEGREE AND
EDUCATION EDUCATION SECONDARY ABOVE
WARD NO 13 WARD NO 20

SCHOLARSHIP GIVEN BY GOVERNMENT KANYASHREE PRAKALP FOR GIRL CHILD

13.3% 70.0 62.3%
No response 9.4% 60.0 56.7%

50.0 43.3%
No 53.3% 37.7%
62.3% 40.0
30.0
Yes 33.3%
28.3% 20.0
0.0 10.0
20.0
40.0 0.0
60.0
80.0 WARD NO 13 WARD NO 20
WARD NO 20 WARD NO 13 Yes No
 WORKING STATUS OF WARD NO 13 AND WARD NO 20

0 From the survey area , it is clear that 51%

No response
4% respondent are working in ward no. 13 than
ward no 20. but still the non working group
58%
No 45%
is high in ward no. 20 than ward no. 13

42%
Yes 51%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE OF WARD NO 13 AND WARD

NO 20
And those who are working, are engaged in 40 36%
35
various activities and work like household 30
23%
work, service and business, other are 25
20
temporary care take at home. The high 15
13%
9%
percentage of respondent are busy in 10 4% 5%
5 2% 0
household work. 0
Household Service Business Others
work
 In the survey, it is found that the number of respondent were already having jobs
before getting married. There are about 60 % of respondent and 52% of
respondent working. And non-working is 40% and 48% of female respondent in a
family in ward no 13 and ward 20 respectively
according to survey, the respondent od each ward has interest in the political
issues going in their locality. The 57% and 48% of respondent from ward no 13
and 20 are interested to know about what is going on in the political issues. The
remaining 36% and 38% are no so interested in issues. The political issues are the
changes, implementation of new laws, new councillor appoints, which political
party will rule the government body etc.
The response from the survey states that, the families believe that changes are not
yet happened after the change in political parties in their areas.
the political parties have improved the status of women, since they have
implemented various laws and facilities for women. In the survey. 51% from ward
no 13 and 53% from ward no. 20 appreciate the change and development of
women’s in this area.

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES WITH THE

POLITICAL CHANGE

26.7
Don’t know
13.21

33.3
Remain unchanged
64.15

40.0
Increased 22.64

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00

PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENT (%)

WARD NO 20 WARD NO13

 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SGHS IN THEIR LOCALITY

8.3%
Don’t know 3.77%

48.3%
No 47.17%
From the survey area, many female
Yes
43.3% respondent have less idea about self help
49.06%
groups, because many of the families are
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 belong to middle class family in ward no
WARD NO 20 WARD NO13 20 but the less income group in ward no
13 have taken part in shgs to increase the
NUMBER OF RESPONDENT IN SGHS income source as well as to have a
70.00
60.38% proper social status. the 60.38% of
60.00 51.7%
50.00 48.3% respond from ward no 13 and 51.7% of
39.62% respondent are involved in shgs.
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
WARD NO13 WARD NO 20
Yes No
 A N A LY S I S F R O M Q U E S T I O N N A I R E F O R S E L F - H E L P G R O U P M E M B E R S
Total Percentage of Respondent (%)
60 60% From the two shgs , it is found that maximum
50 number of respondent are from the group of
40 30-40 years, which is middle aged groups.
30
20%
Their education level is primary education.
20
10% 10% These age group have joined the group for the
10 0 income generation as their education level is
0
<20 20-30 30-40 40-50 >50 low, some have join for family support and and
YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS YEARS
health.
LEVEL OF LITERACY RATE OF RESPONDENT REASON FOR JOINING GROUP

DEGREE AND ABOVE 2% 60% 54%

HIGH SECONDARY 10% 36%
40%
SECONDARY EDUCATION 22%
PRIMARY EDUCATION 60% 20% 10%
ILLITERATE 6% 0%
0%
0 20 40 60
For For For No
number of respondent ( %) Income Health Family Response
Generation
 100% ANNUAL INCOME OF RESPONDENTS
Since they have joined the group, there is an 90% 88%
increase in their earning capability, the maximum 80%
groups and their members had their annual income 70%

of less than 15000. the working respondent are 60%

50%
involved in various work which improved through
40%
shgs, like household work, construction, trade and 30%
commerce, transport etc. as they started earning , 20%
they are allowed to use their income to fulfil the 10% 8%
2% 2%
basic amenities for themselves and for their 0%
> Rs. 15000 15001-25000 25001-35000 < Rs. 35000
families.
RESPONDENTS IN AN OCCUPATION ALLOWED TO USE INCOME ON OWN
90%
80% 82% 80
70% 64%
60% 60
50%
40% 40 36%
30%
20%
4% 8% 6% 20
10% 0
0%
House hold Construction Trade and Transport, Service 0
Industry Commerce Communication,
etc. YES NO
 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT Economic empowerment increases women’s access to
100 100% 100% economic resources and optimates including jobs,
90%
80 78% financial services, property and other productive assets,
60 skills development and market. From the given data from
the survey, the shgs help women in the economic
40
empowerment in these group. The response on their
20 10% 12% 8% 2%
0 0 0 0 increase in creation of personal assets have increased 78%
0 to most of the respondent. Other 10% and 12 % still have
Increases Increased in Increase in Increase
creation of ability to support income capability of to get the empower. The ability to support family have
personal assets the family managing bank also increased with 90% much than respondent those are
related activities still not sure about their support to family.
AGREE DISAGREE DON’T KNOW

Social empowerment is understood as the process of developing SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT

a sense of autonomy and self-confidence and acting individually 100% 100%
100
and collectively to change social relationships and the institutions 90 82% 78%
helps poor people. From the survey, it is clear that the measures 80
for social empowerment helps women for better life, with the 70
60
indicators are increase in self-confidence attends 100%, increase 50
in decision making for family with 82% than the other members, 40
30 16%
communication skill necessary which help to express the needs of 20 14%
4% 6%
loans and other important needs to fulfil either the small business 10 0 0 0 0
or increase personal aspects. It could be inferred from the results 0
that majority of the respondents had higher level of social Increase in Self Increase in Increase Increased
Confidence Decision making communication support during
empowerment. This might be due to increased confidence levels for family skills social crisis in
among the women to go alone due to the exposure gained by the AGREE DISAGREE DON’T KNOW family
women during the visits in the SHGs.
 EDUCATION EMPOWERMENT
the importance of education from SHG
awareness on cleanliness and
sanitation
knowledge about bank operations has
increased after joining in the SHG
0 50
Empowerment means moving from enforced powerlessness to a
position of power. Education is an essential means of
empowering women with the knowledge, skills and self-
confidence necessary to fully participate in the development
100% process. Sustainable development is only possible when women
and men enjoy equal opportunities to reach their potential.
8%
Through shgs many women have come to know about the
92% importance of education. About 100% of female as now able to
open an account and know how to operate the procedure of
100% banks related problems. when education increases then
cleanliness and sanitation come to one’s mind for better health
100 and life.

DONT KNOW NO YES

POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT
Political empowerment supports creating policies that
100 100%
would best support gender equality and agency for women
in both the public and private spheres. Popular methods 80 74%
that have been suggested are to create affirmative action
policies that have a quota for the number of women in 60
policy making and parliament positions 40
From the survey it is found that, 100 % of women agreed 26%
to vote during elections. Even they are able communicate 20
their problems with officials. But about 26% of respondent 0 0 0
have denied to answer that they don’t know about 0
discussing the problems. YES NO DON’T KNOW
never miss voting and see all the members in the to vote
formally communicate our problems with the officials in the meetings
 NAME OF THE SELF-HELP GROUPS

SURYASEN I ADARSHPALLY I
SURYASEN II
EAST ADARSHPALLY II
SURYASEN III
SURYASEN IV ADARSHPALLY III
MALIR BAGAN
EAST ADARSHPALLY
DURGA IV
• IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMMES
• At Khardah, the information about programmes was Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-
National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM). Under the category of urban-poor,
few wards of Khardah Municipality are in this programme which help the urban poor
families to provide the facilitates through SHGs.
• IMPLEMENTATION AND PROGESS
• For the implementation of the DAY, the ministry of housing and urban poverty alleviation
has signed a pact with the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC). The NSDC
will now be responsible for identification of beneficiaries, define the syllabus and standards
of the training sessions, and issue the certification for the trained members. To ensure that
the standards of the training, remains market relevant, the NSDC will take the help of its
Sector Skill Councils (SSCs) which are market-led groups.
 FINDINGS

• It was observed that a majority of the women has joined SHGs for getting
involved in income generating activities, social wellness, and to provide family
support by their income.
• the earning of each members is deposited to bank, where they repay their loans
with interest. Further, it has seen that most of the respondent felt that they have
been enjoying the activities done.
 SUGGESTIONS
• Majority of SHG women were middle aged, functionally
literate (primary education) and untrained. Hence, capacity
building programmes should be planned by govt. and
intervening agencies for these women on education and
enterprise development.
• It was found that women had limited participation in the
Socio- political activities. Hence the government has to take
care to see SHG’s to evolve as sustainable institutions for
taking active role in community activities, development and
governance.
 CONCLUSION
• In the two wards , ward no 13 and ward no. 20.The role played
by women through SHGs in creating employment
opportunities and attaining self-sustained growth.
• The study shows how to understand the self-perception of the
women in terms of empowerment. Empowerment is a concept
principally described through self-esteem, awareness,
consciousness and confidence. It focuses participation into
decision-making.
• The study shows Build self-esteem and confidence has
increased since the SHG help them to become more
comfortable speaking in front of groups and sharing opinions.