UNDERWATER

ENVIRONMENT
Tekanan merupakan gaya yang bekerja pada suatu bidang per
satuan luas bidang tersebut. Bidang atau permukaan yang dikenai
gaya disebut bidang tekan, sedangkan gaya yang diberikan pada
bidang tekanan disebut gaya tekan. Satuan internasional (SI)
tekanan adalah pascal

PRESSURE
 PRESSURE UNIT
 1 ATMOSPHERE
 = 10.08 (10) meters sea water (msw, density 1.025
g/cm3 )
 = 33,07 (33) feet sea water (fsw, density 1.025 g/cm3)
 = 33.90 (34) feet fresh water (ffw)
 = 101.3 kilopascals (kPa)= 0.1013 mega pascals (MPa)
 = 14.696 (14.7) lbs/inc2 (PSI)
 = 1.013 bars
 = 760 millimeters mercury (mmHg)
 = 760 Torr.
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 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

 Is due to the weight of atmosphere on the body surface. It varies

with both the altitude above sea level and local weather
conditions.

 For dives beginning at sea level. It is generally considered to be

constant and equal to 760 mmHg (1 atm)

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 WATER PRESSURE
Water pressure (P ), also called gauge pressure, is due to the

w
weight of the water on the body surface.
 It increases linearly above sea level and local weather
conditions.
 Mathematically, water pressure is the product of density of water
and the diver’s linear depth below the surface

Pw = ρ . D
P
w = water pressure
Ρ = density of water
D = diver’s depth 5
 ABSOLUTE PRESSURE

 The Total in absolute pressure (PB) is the sum of water pressure

(PW) and the atmospheric pressure (PW) and is calculated:

P B = P W+ P A

 From a practical standpoint, atmospheric pressure may be

considered 1 atm or 760 mmHg despite fluctuations in the
weather

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TITAN TRIGGERFISH

Habitat: Indo-Pacific
defends its “territory” against
intruders in a very feisty and
highly aggressive manner
LIONFISH

Habitat: Indo-Pacific waters

and more recently the Atlantic
region.
Lionfish are venomous with
very showy pectoral fins and
poisonous spines. To humans,
the sting is extremely painful
and causes nausea followed
by breathing difficulties.
STINGRAYS
Habitat: Tropical and
subtropical waters worldwide.
Most stingray-related wounds
would occur on a person’s
lower legs. That’s because
these fish like to stay buried in
the sand on the ocean floor
so it’s not uncommon to
accidentally step on one.
FLOWER URCHIN
Habitat: Indo West Pacific
waters.
the Guinness Book of Records
describes it as the world’s
“most dangerous sea urchin,
In the human body, it causes
spasms of the smooth
muscles, convulsions,
drowning, paralysis,
shock, and death.
ELECTRIC EEL

Habitat: Amazon and Orinoco

Rivers
These eels are predatory and
can deliver an enormous
electric discharge of up to 600
volts maximum.
CONE SNAIL

Habitat: The Indo-Pacific

region, Australia, the Indian
Ocean (from east Africa to
Hawaii), and French Polynesia,
This creature has tiny harpoons
that are loaded with a deadly
neurotoxin. It defends itself by
shooting out these harpoons in
every direction when it feels
threatened. The barbs can
pierce bare skin
BARRACUDA

Habitat: Worldwide but

especially tropical regions,
deep oceans, coastal habitats
along continental shelves, and
close to coral reefs
BLUE RINGED OCTOPUS
Habitat: Tide pools and coral
reefs in the Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean, especially from
Japan to Australia.
The real danger with this
creature is that their bites are
typically painless, so victims
don’t realize they have been
bitten. It’s only when they begin
to display symptoms like
respiratory depression and
paralysis that they’ll know
something is wrong.
DUBOIS SEA SNAKE
Habitat: Off the coasts of
Australia, and Papua New
Guinea
One of the world’s most
dangerous snakes is the Dubois
sea snake, or reef shallows
snake. The Dubois Sea Snake
ranks among the top three most
venomous snakes existing today.
The other two are the Inland
Taipan and the Eastern Brown
Snake
REEF STONEFISH
Habitat: Shallow tropical waters
and coral reefs in the Pacific
and Indian Oceans. It ranges
from the Red Sea to the Great
Barrier Reef. the most venomous
fish on Earth
BOX JELLYFISH
Habitat: Widely spread across the
Indo-Pacific Ocean
One box jellyfish contains enough
venom to kill up to 60 people, and
what makes them even more
dangerous is their venom’s speed
of acting: the sting of a box jellyfish
can kill in less than five minutes.
Unlike other jellyfishes floating with
the currents, they can swim and
also they have clusters of eyes on
each side of their box-shaped
body