Mobile Cranes

吊車/起重機
組員
• 龍岱文
• 許魯洺
• 溫佳偉
• 王易騰
• 艾南度
Structure
起重機構造
law.resource.org
固力組
起重機是如何吊升重物，起伏與旋轉？
吊升重物
Hoisting
• 通過Hoist Motor旋轉牽動Wire Rope，來吊
升Load Block，來達到吊升重物的目的

起伏
Luffing
• 通過Main Lifting Cylinder的伸縮來達到起
伏的目的

旋轉
Slewing
• 通過Rotation Motor的旋轉來達到整個起重
機機構的旋轉
NCCCO
Lifting operation must be stopped when the wind is
heavy.
Can you suggest reasons for this?
• 在風很大的情況下，起重機無法平穩的將重物吊升，重物懸掛在空中會受風的影響搖擺影
響起重機的平衡性，導致起重機意外發生
• 風從前方來會導致起重機後方失衡，導致起重機向前傾覆
• 風從後方來會將重物吹離起重機，增大了半徑，導致起重機吊升作業變得困難
• 風從側面來會將重物吹向起重機的側面，有將重物吹倒的可能
During lifting operations, a mobile crane may topple towards
the front, the sides and the rear.

phqcrane.com

Heavy Lift News

Causes
• The outriggers had not been extended to their maximum.
• The load being lifted exceeded the rated capacity of the crane.
• Personnel working with and around the crane were not fully aware of the operational
procedures, which included anti-toppling measures.
• Safety education was not provided concerning operations using mobile cranes.
設計組
 設計組問題

起重機那裏可以找到齒輪? 有哪種齒輪 ?
Where can I find the gears at the crane?
What kind of gears?
MOST COMMON GEARS IN MACHINE
• Spur gears (正齒輪) : Spur Gear-Parallel and co-planer shafts connected by gears

• Spur gears have straight teeth and are parallel to the axis of the wheel

• Known as : Slow speed Gears

• Function : transmitting power between two parallel shafts, which rotate in opposite directions

• This is one of the spur gears that often used in Mobile Crane : Spur Gear 8E4 - 8E 0004

• Disadvantages : it’s produce a lot of noise

• Helical gear (斜齒輪) : their teeth inclined to the axis of the shafts in the form of a helix

• The motion of helical gears is smoother and quieter than the motion of spur gears

• Known as : High Speed gears

• Function : Helical gears can be used to adjust the rotation angle by 90 deg. when mounted on perpendicular shafts
• Pinion gear (小齒輪) : The smaller gear which turns or is turned by the larger ring gear it meshes with

• Function : To decrease speed while increasing Torque

• In Mobile crane there are at least two type of pinion gears : Swing pinion and Drive pinion

• The example of Swing pinion : Swing Pinion 8C15 - 8C 0015

• The example of Drive pinion : Drive Pinion20F97 - 20F0097

• Bevel gear ( 錐齒輪 ) : a gear working another gear at an angle to it by means of bevel wheels

• Straight bevel gears, Spiral bevel gears, Zerol bevel gears, Hypoid bevel gears, Mitre gears

• Function : They're commonly used in differential drives, which are capable of transmitting power to two axles that spin at
different speeds
 Bearing Gear（軸承齒輪）
• The most often used in Mobile crane is slewing bearing Gears

• Rotational rolling-element bearing that typically supports a heavy but slow-turning or slow-oscillating load

• The place in the middle of the upper body and the wheel
 Rotex Gear
• To maneuver the load, the boom has to be able to move right and left, as well as up and down

• The rotex gear is located under the cab or crane cabin

• Function : It’s allows the cab to swivel and move the boom from side to side
起重機的齒輪設計
(Crane gear design)
• Size (尺寸）：Usually measure by The pitch circle diameter

• Of course one to the others have different size , it’s depends on their function.

• As you can see , inside of the gearbox have many different size. (Spur Gear and Pinion Gear)

• Strenght (强度）：basically the crane must stronger because it’s use to lift something.

• Well , it’s all depend on the size of the gears. For example : 40Cr Gear hardness = 44-55HRC

• Bending strength of Spur gears and Helical Gears

• Durability Strength of Spur gears and Helical Gears

• Material (材料）：It’s depend on the maker of the gears but it must endure high temperature (heavy one)

• For Gears and pinions it’s must be oil quenched and tempered to achieve toughness as well as surface hardness

• For example : rolled/ forged steel of En9/ En19/ Cast Steel

• For the gearbox often used :MS fabricated plates

• Function (功用） :

• Change the movement or the direction

• Change the speed or the rotate speed

• Transfer the power from one gear to other gears

 起重機那裏可以找到四連桿機構
There are four-bar linkages found in
the crane.
• We can find that “Four-bar linkage” In the Port of Fixed Crane .

• In the crane an approximate horizontal trace is needed so we used this Four –bar linkage theory.
製造組
吊鉤: 材料與製程
• 材料: 鋼 (鋼是鐵和少量碳的合金) 或鍛鐵

• 製程: 鍛造 > 閃焊 > 熱處理 > 加工

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=fJ
_v2Bq0rGE
熱流組
1. 請找出吊車上油壓缸出現的地方。
其他生活中的運用?
2. 簡述油壓缸的結構及工作原理？

由帕斯卡定律
(Pascal’s Principle)

𝐹1 𝐹2
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
A
F2 = F1 ∙ A2
1
3. 請問甚麼參數影響油壓缸最大可以承受的
力？

由Barlow‘s formula
2𝑆𝑇
P=
𝑂𝐷
P = 液體壓力
S = 𝜎 ÷ 5 (𝜎 :拉抗強度最低值)

可知可承受的最大壓力與管壁厚度與外
徑的比值有關
4. 請問定電壓或電流下、定軸徑下什麼參數影響油壓
缸最快 的伸縮速度？

定電壓或電流
可知幫浦輸出固定且軸徑不變

又Q=A ∙ V (Q = 幫浦流量; A = 活塞面積; V = 活塞速度)

Q
V=
A
影響速度的參數有Q和A
傳動組
傳動: (能量問題)
• 請用一個簡單的傳動示意圖，說明吊架吊架拉高或伸長 的傳動原理.
 傳動: (能量問題)
• The blocks contain pulleys so that the rope
is in one continuous piece from the end
attached to the upper block to
the winding drum. This makes the force
in all pans of the rope uniform in a static
system. The value of the rope load is
found by dividing the weight of the lifted
load by the mechanical advantage.
傳動: (能量問題)
• Mobile cranes also use hydraulic systems for stretching and lifting very heavy objects.
These hydraulic systems use pistons and cylinders to make the hanger pull up and
stretch.
 傳動: (能量問題)
• The cylinders (4), (5) and (6) are operated by
respective directional control valves (7), (8)
and (9) which, when opened, connect the relative
cylinder with the flow of pressurized oil
delivered by a pump (14).
 傳動: (能量問題)
• Two pipelines connect each control valve
to the relative cylinder, one to the rear end,
(4a), (5a) and (6a) respectively, and the other
to the rod end (4b), (5b) and (6b), respectively;
these will function as pressure and return
lines alternately, according to the position
of the control valve spool.
 傳動: (能量問題)
• Pascal’s Principle:
Every hydraulic system use the Pascal's Principle. If you applied force on one end of the
system, then force will be larger on the other end. This is how the crane’s cylinders and
pistons work to pull up and stretch the hanger.