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Physics 1 REGULAR
Module 2 Thermal Physics
GASES
IDEAL GASES
ap06/p1/thermal/ptE_gases.ppt
Phases of matter
Liquid - intermolecular
forces bind closest neighbours
Low temp
Solid - strong High pressure
intermolecular forces
Ideal Gas
* Molecules do not exert a force on
each other zero potential energy
1 amu = 1 u = 1.6610-27 kg
pressure !!!
Is this pressure?
Patmosphere = 1.013105 Pa
~1032 molecules strike our skin every day with an avg speed ~ 1700 km.s -1
Rough estimate of atmospheric pressure
p = F / A = mg / A = V g / A = A h / A = g h
Patm ~ (1)(10)(104) Pa
Patm ~ 105 Pa
Famous
demonstration
of air pressure
(17thC) by
Otto Van
Guerickle of
Magdeburg
p = 1x105 Pa
R = 0.30 m
A = 4R2
F = p A
F = (105)(4)(0.3)2 N
F = 105 N
Gauge and absolute pressures
Pressure gauges measure the pressure above and below
atmospheric (or barometric) pressure.
0 400
P = Pg + Patm
Pg = 200 kPa Patm = 100 kPa
P = 300 kPa
Ideal Gases – equation of state (experimental law)
R = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1
k = R / NA R = k NA
All gases contain the same number of molecules when
they occupy the same volume under the same conditions
of temperature and pressure (Avogadro 1776 - 1856)
pV = nRT n = N / NA= pV / RT
p1V1 p2 V2
T1 T2
Boyle's Law (constant temperature)
p = constant / V
180
160
140
n RT
p
120
V
pressure p (kPa)
100 K
100
200 K
300 K
80 400 K
60
40
20
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
3
volume V (m )
Ideal gas - equipartition of energy classical picture
- not valid at low or high temperatures
Degrees of freedom - there is kinetic energy associated
with each type of random motion
Translation f = 3
z
x
Vibration
only at high T
Rotation
diatomic molecule f = 2
Kinetic-Molecular Model pV
2
3
N 1 2
2 m v avg
Total random kinetic energy for translational motion of
all molecules
1 3 3
K tr N mv 2 avg N k T n R T
2 2 2
3
U KE PE KE 2 N k T
random random
f f
U N kT U N k T
2 2
Degrees of freedom (T not too high)
Only translation possible at
monatomic gas, f=3 very low temp, T rotation
begins, T oscillatory
diatomic gas, f = 5, motion starts
polyatomic gas, f=6
Heating a gas
Q mtot c T
NM
mtot N m nM
NA
Q n M c T
Q n C T
f Q
N k T n C p T n R T
2 Constant pressure
n 1 N NA NA k R process W = p V
pV n RT p V n R T
Cp CV R
It requires a greater heat input to raise the temp of
a gas a given amount at constant pressure c.f.
U = n CV T constant volume