Comparative Anatomy

Digestive System
of Vertebrate
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
(COMPARATIVE ANATOMY)
OF VERTEBRAtE ANIMALS

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Lele (Clarias batrachus))

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 Digestion
Purpose: reduce feed particles to molecules
that can be absorbed into the blood
• Mechanical breakdown of food
– chewing
• Chemical breakdown of food
– HCl in the stomach
– enzymes
• Contractions of digestive tract
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 ANIMAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Oral Cavity
• Pharinx
• Oesophagus
• Stomach/ventriculus/lambung
• Intestinum Tenue/Usus halus, (duodenum,
jejunum, illeum)
• Large Intestine atau usus besar (colon,
caecum, rectum)
• Usus buntu which growth rudimentary
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 Oral Cavity of Mammalia

1.The roof of oral cavity; 2. cross section of the skull. A. frog; B. liard; C. bird; D.
horse. Akh.the flow of khoane (choane);bb. Lips; bv. Cushion/Bantalan of vomer;
ck. Celah/slit of khoane; m.the base of the eye/dasar mata; eg.epiglotis;
es.esophagus; kh.khoane; kr. Krikoidea; ko.brain box/kotak otak; lk. Lipatan/crease
of khoane; l.l. Lipatan/crease of palatum; lp.primer palate; ls. Langit-langit
secondary palate; pm.premaxilla; pmo.palatum mole; ra. Maxilla/Rahang atas; rb.
Mandibulla/Rahang bawah; rm. Cavum oris/oral cavity; rn. Nasal cavity/Rongga
nasal;Rnf. naso pharynx cavity; sl. Mucous membrane/Selaput lendir; sn. septum
nasal; te. Tuba eustachius; th. Thyroidea; tk. Trakhea; tl. Tongue’s bone/Tulang lidah6
Digestion system of fish

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Digestion of frog, Amphibi

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Digestion of Reptile

liard
Varanus komodo
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Digestion of Bird, Aves, Columba livia

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 Bird, Aves
• In the Aves’s oesophagus, there are
boardening of oesophagus, called
tembolok/ingluvius, function to store food
• On the seed feeder bird/pemakan biji,
anterior stomach have the thin wall, many
found glands, proventriculus
• Whereas, in the posterior, the stomach
structuire is more thick ventriculus

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Digestion of Mammalia, monogastric, carnivora,
the Cat

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Digestion of Polygastric, Cow, ruminansia

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 Con’t

• In ruminants/pemamah biak, the stomach

have 4 rooms/chambers : rumen, reticulum,
omasum & abomasum

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Digestion of Mammalia, monogastric, Human

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animals are classified based on the
ingested food
• Carnivore - animal products
– Dogs, Cats
• Herbivore - plant products
– Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Horses
• Omnivore - combination of plant and animal
products
– humans, pigs

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 animals are also classified by the
type of stomach

• Monogastrics or non-ruminants

• Ruminants

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 Monogastric Animals

Monogastric – has a simple structure of stomach

• mostly carnivores and omnivores
» Very simple: mink and dog
» Cecal digestion: horse, rabbit or rat
» Sacculated stomach : kangaroo

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 Ruminant Animal

Ruminants – has 4 chambers on stomach before

the true stomach
• herbivores
» cattle, sheep, goats and pseudoruminants (llamas)

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digestive tract of Monogastric
Animal

Basic Anatomy
mouth
stomach
small intestine / intestinum tenue
large intestine / intestinum crassum / colon

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 Digestive tract of Monogastric

• Food across from the mouth to the stomach through

the esophagus
• To reduce the size of food particles
• From the stomach, food traverse through :
– duodenum (the first portion of small intestine)
• Secretion of bile & pancreas into this portion
– jejunum (the second portion of small intestine)
• Absorption of nutrients
– ileum (the third portion of small intestine)
• To split food molecules & Absorb of nutrients

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 Con’t

• Large Intestine
• Absorbsi air
• Pembentukan feses
• Rectum

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 similarity of human and swine/pig

• Both are omnivores

• can not synthesize vitamin B complex
• can not synthesize vitamin amino acids
• Can become obese with increased food intake

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 Con’t

• Pengecualian
– herbivora
• Kuda memiliki cecum (blind anterior end of the colon)
di mana makanan difermentasi
– Cecum terletak posterior untuk mengoptimumkan area
absorbsi makanan

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 Digestion enyme on Monogastric
• pancreas
– lipase
• lipids to fatty acids and glycerides
– trypsin
• proteins to polypeptides
– chymotrypsin
• peptides to amino acids and peptides
– amylase
• starch to disaccharides and dextrin

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 Con’t
• gall bladder
– bile
• produced in the liver
• emulsifies fats
• alkaline to neutralize stomach contents that are acidic
• small intestine
– amino acids, fatty acids and monosaccharides are
available for absorption

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Digestion of Ruminant
• mouth
• esophagus
• rumen
• reticulum
• omasum
• abomasum
• small intestine
• large intestine
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 Digestive System

Six major subdivisions

 Oral cavity

 Pharynx

 Esophagus

 Stomach

 Small & large intestine

 Rectum
 Digestive System

 Agnatha - straight
digestive tube
 Coiled tube evolved with
lengthening of tract

Simple to complex digestive systems.

 Oral Cavity

 Begins at mouth, ends at

pharynx
 Tongue in floor of cavity
 Palate in roof of cavity
 Primary palate
 Secondary palate
 Teeth Human oral cavity.
 Oral Cavity of several vertebrate

the base of oral cavity: A. frog; B. liard; C. bird; D. Human tongue; E. Tongue of
Prosimiae, lateral view; E. oesophagus; g. glothis; ks. Hole; ks.sound
bag/kantung suara; la. Laryngs; lb. The lower tongue; le. The hole of
oesophagus; li. ton; lguela. The hole of laryngs; Op. Masticatory muscle/otot
pengunyah; pfo.papilla foliata; pfu. Papilla fungiformes; psv. Papila Sirkum
valata; ta. trakhea
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 Palates
 Primary palate in
anamniotes- nasal
passageways empty into oral
cavity
 Ex: Salamander
 Secondary palate of
amniotes- extends to
pharyngeal cavity
 Internal nares
Oral cavity of amphibian (a)
and mammal (b).
 Teeth
 On jaws normally
 Cheeks in mammals form pocket
 Acrodont teeth- fish and snakes
 Bicuspid- amphibians
 Tricuspid- lizards
 Pleurodont teeth- snakes
 Thecodont teeth-
crocodilians

Figure
Types
11.5-
of Types
Cuspsof cusps.
Cross section of jaw.
 Jaw Teeth and Cheek

 Used for storage- rodents and squirrels

 Modified placoid scales- sharks
 Polyhyodont- permanent replacement of teeth
 Diphyodont- two sets of teeth
 Monophyodont- one set of teeth
 Bird Teeth

 Egg caruncle- all egg layers

 Not actual tooth
 Structure epidermal, horny,
keratinized
 On tip of snout

 To penetrate egg shell

Egg caruncle of 15 day old

owlet.
 Reptilian Teeth

 Egg tooth- lizards and

snakes
 Actual tooth
 Upper jaw
 To penetrate egg shell

Monitor egg tooth..

 Modifications of Snake Teeth

 Aglyphous- no modifications
for venom delivery
 Solenoglyphous- retractable
teeth, fangs
 Proteroglyphous- fangs in front
of mouth
Position, cross and longitudinal
 Opisthoglyphous- fangs in back sections of aglyphous (1),
of mouth opisthoglyphous (2), and
solenoglyphous (3) fangs.
 Mammalian Teeth
 Incisors
 For cutting
 Ex: elephant tusks
 Canines
 For piercing
 Ex: walrus tusks
 Premolars & Molars
 To matriculate food
 Diastema- space without Mammalian teeth specializations.

teeth; e.g., no canines

 Mammalian Teeth

 Heterodont dentition
 Other varieties
 Homodont- all teeth the same
 Bunodont- all teeth on single plain

 Sectorial teeth – carnassials; e.g., upper premolar and

lower molar in carnivores
 Dental Formula
 Catarrhines and humans have
2-1-2-3=16 x 2 = 32 total teeth
 Canines: 3-1-4-2 and 3-1-4-3
 If 0 is present, diastema is present

Dental formulae.
 Tongue
 Immobile in jawed fish
 Fleshy in higher vertebrates
 Frog- tongue shoots out and draws
back
 Glandular field secretes sticky fluid
 Immobile tongue- turtles, crocs,
and some birds
 Flexible tongue- nectar feeding
bats and snakes
 Forked tongue of snake
Jacobson’s organ (sensing apparatus) of
snake and forked tongue.
 Oral Glands
 Named based on location
 Labial- near the lips
 Palatal- near palate

 Internasal

 Sublingual- releases venom

 Parotid- salivary gland

 Submaxillary

 Birds have few oral glands

 Swifts Swift and nest.
 Pharynx
 In embryo, exhibits series of lateral
pharyngeal pouches
 Gives rise to various glands
 Slits in pharyngeal region

Embryonic pharyngeal arches and Adult regions of pharynx.

oral development.
 Pharynx
 Constant Features in Tetrapods
 Glottis-slit to larynx
 Covered by epiglottis
 Eustachian tube- opening
 Esophagus- opening

 Pharynx further subdivided for food and air

passage
 Foramen cecum- groove on back of tongue
 Vestigial structure the leads to embryonic thyroid
gland
 Pharynx

(a) Upper respiratory tract of human showing pharynx regions and

(b) hyoid and larynx.
 Esophagus
 Muscular tube connecting pharynx
and stomach
 Can be short
 Crop- specialization in birds
 Outpocketing of esophagus
 Used to store food

 Pigeon’s milk

Esophagus and crop of bird.

 Stomach
 Muscular chamber
 Secretes gastric juices
 Different lining of stomachs
 Esophageal-like epithelia
 Glandular epithelia
 Ruminant stomach
 4 chambers: rumen, reticulum,
omasum, abomasum
 Human stomach
Stomach of mammals with esophageal-
 Cardiac sphincter- esophagus like epithelia in gray and glandular
epithelia in red.
meets stomach
 Mostly lined with gastric epithelium
 Stomach Structure
 Greater and lesser curvature
 Messentaries
 Greater omentum – attaches along greater curvature
 Lesser omentum – attaches along lesser curvature

 Cecum- increases surface area

 2 parts in bird and crocodile stomach
 Proventiculus-glandular
 Gizzard- grinding mill (gastroliths)
 4-Chambered Stomachs
 Rumen- food enters
 Bacterial action
 Reticulum- forms a bolus
 Omasum- reswallowed grass
 Salivary action
 Abomasum- food worked out
by gastric glands

Stomach of calf.
 Small Intestine

 Duodenum- 1st segment

 Bile and pancreatic ducts
 Jejunum and Ileum
subdivisions

Digestive tract showing regions of

small intestine.
 Small Intestine
 Brunner’s Glands- mucous glands in duodenum
and jejunum
 Peyer’s Patches- lymphatic nodules in ileum
 Crypts of Lieberkühns- intestinal glands at base
of villi
 Lacteals- within villi—interior lymphatic vessels
 Transport fat molecules to circulatory system
 Valve of Kirckring- increases surface area
 Small Intestine

Histology of alimentary canal of a mammal showing

various glands of small intestine.
 Large Intestine
 Fish and amphibians - straight and short
 Amniotes- divided into colon and rectum

 Ileocecal valve- allows passage from small intestine

into large
 Sigmoid flexure- S-shaped region
at rectum
 Cecum- aids in absorption
Terminates at vermiform appendix
 Cloaca- common chamber for
digestive, urinary, and reproductive
products to empty (includes monotremes)
Large intestine of human.
 Liver
 Liver is diverticulum of primitive gut
 Liver produces bile
 Bile stored in gallbladder
 Common bile duct
 Ampulla of Vater- terminal portion

Development of liver and pancreas.

 Pancreas
 Pancreas – diverticulum of gut
 Duct of Santorini- small, dorsal pancreas
 Duct of Wirsung- large, ventral pancreas
 Accessory duct- large duct after small, dorsal
duct disappears
 Exocrine and endocrine glands
 Islets of Langerhans- endocrine glands
 Rectal gland- diverticulum in sharks
 Literature Cited
Figure 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.10, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18 & 11.22- Kent, George C. and Robert K.
Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 11.2- http://www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/
Figure 11.6- http://gargravarr.cc.utexas.edu/owl/2002/
Figure 11.7- http://www.proexotics.com/collection_nonPE9.html
Figure 11.8- http://www.kingsnake.com/reptilia-italia/My_HomePage_file/snakesgeneral.htm
Figure 11.9- http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/zoology/22
Figure 11.11- http://www2.worldbook.com/features/reptiles/html/body_senorg.html
Figure 11.12- http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/whatyoucando/attracthousemartins/index.asp
Figure 11.13- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes7.html
Figure 11.14- http://www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/
Figure 11.19- http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=1&Proc=49
Figure 11.20- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill,
2002.
Figure 11.21- http://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/lrg_intest.htm