Network

Rakesh Kumar Naik

Architecture
Rakesh Kumar Naik
Madhav Institute of Technology and Science Gwalior

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ATM
• Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is an International
Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standards
Section (ITU-T) standard for cell relay wherein information for
multiple service types, such as voice, video, or data, is
conveyed in small, fixed-size cells.

Rakesh Kumar Naik

• ATM networks are connection-oriented.
• Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a technology that has its
history in the development of broadband ISDN in the 1970s
and 1980s.
• Technically, it can be viewed as an evolution of packet
switching. Like packet switching protocols for data (e.g., X.25,
frame relay, Transmission Control Protocol and Internet 2
protocol (TCP IP])
 Benefits of ATM
• Dynamic bandwidth for bursty traffic meeting application needs and
delivering high utilization of networking resources; most applications are or
can be viewed as inherently bursty, for example voice is bursty, as both parties
are neither speaking at once nor all the time; video is bursty, as the amount of
motion and required resolution varies over time.
• Smaller header with respect to the data to make the efficient use of
bandwidth.
• Can handle Mixed network traffic very efficiently: Variety of packet sizes
makes traffic unpredictable. All network equipments should incorporate

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elaborate software systems to manage the various sizes of packets. ATM
handles these problems efficiently with the fixed size cell.
• Cell network: All data is loaded into identical cells that can be transmitted
with complete predictability and uniformity
• Class-of-service support for multimedia traffic allowing applications with
varying throughput and latency requirements to be met on a single network.
• Scalability in speed and network size supporting link speeds of T1/E1 to OC–
12 (622 Mbps).
• Common LAN/WAN architecture allowing ATM to be used consistently from
one desktop to another; traditionally, LAN and WAN technologies have been
very different, with implications for performance and interoperability. But 3
ATM technology can be used either as a LAN technology or a WAN technology.
• International standards compliance in central-office and customer-premises
environments allowing for multivendor operation.
Multiplexing with Different Packet Sizes

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Multiplexing with Cells

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Virtual Path Identifier

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Switching Using VPI

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 VPI and VCI

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Switching Using VPI and VCI

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ATM Devices
• An ATM network is made up of an ATM switch and ATM
endpoints.
• An ATM switch is responsible for cell transit through an ATM
network.
• The job of an ATM switch is well defined. It accepts the

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incoming cell from an ATM endpoint or another ATM switch.
• It then reads and updates the cell header information and
quickly switches the cell to an output interface towards its
destination.
• An ATM endpoint (or end system) contains an ATM network
interface adapter.
• Examples of ATM endpoints are workstations, routers, digital
service units (DSUs), LAN switches, and video coder-decoders 9
(Codec’s).
ATM Interfaces
• An ATM network consists of a set of ATM switches
interconnected by point-to-point ATM links or interfaces.
• ATM switches support two primary types of interfaces
• User-Network Interface connects ATM end systems (such as hosts
and routers) to an ATM switch.

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• Network-Network Interface connects two ATM switches.

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VP/VC Switching
VPI 1 VPI 3
VCI 1 VCI 1
VCI 2 VCI 2
VCI 3 VCI 3

VPI 2 VPI 4
VCI 1 VCI 1
VCI 2 VCI 2
VCI 3 VCI 3

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VPI 3
VCI 3
VPI 1 VCI 4
VCI 1
VCI 2
VCI 3
VPI 4
VCI 4 VCI 1
VCI 2
VCI 3
VPI 2
VCI 1 VPI 5
VCI 2 VCI 1 14
VCI 3 VCI 2
Protocol Architecture
• Similarities between ATM and packet switching
• Transfer of data in discrete chunks
• Multiple logical connections over single physical interface
• In ATM flow on each logical connection is in fixed sized packets

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called cells
• Minimal error and flow control
• Reduced overhead
• Data rates (physical layer) 25.6Mbps to 622.08Mbps

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System Network Architecture (SNA)
• SNA has designed for IBM systems only to provide the networking
facility. Due to this, it is used by only limited set of users.
• It is IBM’s proprietary networking architecture, developed in the
mid 1970s.
• SNA describes general characteristics of computer hardware and
software required for interconnection.
• SNA supports distributed processing, internetworking, network
management and many advanced features.
• To implement the SNA there are requirement of various
communication packages, most popular is Virtual
Telecommunication Access Method (VTAM) i.e the mainframe
package for SNA communication.
• A communication protocols for exchange of control information,
data and synchronous data link control (SDLC). APPC, APPN and
HPR are some examples of the protocols included with SNA.
System Network Architecture
• Physical Control: -. This deals with electrical, mechanical, and procedural
characteristics of the media and interfaces to the physical media, and is similar
to the OSI physical layer
• Data Link Control: - Similar to the data link layer, SNA defines SDLC protocol for
message transfer across a communication link. It supports DLS (Data Link
Switching), QLLC (Qualified Logic Link Control over X.25) protocols as well.
• Path Control:- Path control layer includes many function of the network layer; it
performs packet formation, path selection, routing and packet reassembling,
controlling virtual routes. Network Addressable Units (NAU) and Advanced Peer
to Peer Networking (APPN) are the supportive components which facilitate the
communication between Transaction Program and SNA network.
• Transmission Control:- The function of this layer likely to the transport layer, the
main functions are to verify the sequence number when packets are receiving,
managing the rate at which requests are sent and received between logical
Units.
• Data Flow Control:-The function of this layer is to manage the source and
destination stations. Request and response processing is done here (similar to
the session layer).
• Presentation Services:-Resource sharing and data translation algorithms are
performed her
The RS-232 C

• The data processing devices

• Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
• Data Circuit communication Equipment (DCE)
• An example of a DCE is a MODEM.
The RS-232 C
• Electronic Industries Association (EIA) developed EIA standard
RS-232C
• This is the original serial port interface “standard” and it
stands for “Recommended Standard Number 232” or more
appropriately EIA Recommended Standard 232
• It is oldest and the most popular serial communication
standard.
• It was first introduced in 1962 to help ensure connectivity and
compatibility across manufacturers for simple serial data
communications.
Characteristics
• Mechanical :
• Established mechanical connection between two types of systems
• 25-pin connector (DB-25)
• 9-pin connector (DB-9)
• Electrical: The electrical characteristics specify the signaling
between DTE and DCE.
• Functional:
DP 9
PIN No. Pin Name
1 CD (Carrier Detect)
2 RD (Receive Data)
3 TD (Transmit Data)
DTR (Data Terminal
4
Ready)
5 GND (Signal ground)
6 DSR (Data Set Ready)
7 RTS (Request to Send)
8 CTS (Clear to Send)
9 RI (Ring Indicator)
Pin Description
Incoming signal from DCE
Receives incoming data
from DTE
Send outgoing data to
DCE
Outgoing handshaking
signal
Common reference
voltage
Incoming handshaking
signal
Outgoing signal for
controlling flow
Incoming signal for
controlling flow
Incoming signal from DCE
 DP 25

1 Protective Ground 10 (Reserved for Data Set 19 Secondary Request to Send

Testing)
2 Transmitted Data 11 Unassigned 20 Data Terminal Ready
3 Received Data 12 Sec. Rec'd. Line Sig. 21 Signal Quality Detector
Detector
4 Request to Send 13 Sec. Clear to Send 22 Ring Indicator
5 Clear to Send 14 Secondary Transmitted Data 23 Data Signal Rate Selector
(DTE/DCE Source)
6 Data Set Ready 15 Transmission Signal Element 24 Transmit Signal Element
Timing (DCE Source) Timing (DTE Source)
7 Signal Ground (Common 16 Secondary Received Data 25 Unassigned
Return)
8 Received Line Signal 17 Receiver Signal Element
Detector Timing (DCE Source)
9 (Reserved for Data Set 18 Unassigned
Testing)
• ACTIVE STATE: An active state corresponds to the binary value 1.
An active signal state can also be indicated as logic “1”, “on”,
“true”, or a “mark”.
• INACTIVE STATE: An inactive signal state is stated as logic “0”, “off”,
“false”, or a “space”.
• DEAD AREA : Signal voltage region in the range >-3.0V and < +3.0V
is regarded as the 'dead area' and allows for absorption of noise.
This same region is considered a transition region, and the signal
state is undefined.
• For control signals, the "true" state occurs when the received signal
voltage is more positive than 3 volts, while the "false" state occurs
for voltages more negative than -3 volts.
• For data signals, the “true” state occurs when the received signal
voltage is more negative than -3 volts, while the "false" state occurs
for voltages more positive than 3 volts.
Handshaking
• Handshaking is a way for data communication equipment to
control the flow of data between connected equipment
• No handshaking
• Software handshaking
• Hardware handshaking
 Null Modem
• In many situations, the distance between two DTEs may be so close that use of
modems (DCE) is unnecessary.
• In such a case the RS-232 C interface may still be used, but with out the DCEs.
• A scheme known as null modem is used, in which interconnection is done in such a
why that both the DTEs are made to feel as if they have been connected through
modems.
• Essentially, null modem is a cable with two connectors at both ends for interfacing
with the DTEs.
MODEMS
• The DCE that is used to interface with the physical transmission
media is known as MODEM
• Derived from MOdulator + DEModulator.
• The modulator converts digital data into an analog signal using
ASK, FSK, PSK or QAM modulation techniques
• A demodulator converts an analog signal back into a digital data.
• Important Parameters of the modems are the transmission rate
and Bandwidth (Baud rate).
• The output of a modem has to match the bandwidth of the
bandwidth of the medium
Function of Modem
• Flow control
• Synchronization
• Asynchronous, synchronous,
pseudo-synchronous (start and stop bits removed)
• Error control
• Retransmissions, forward error control
• Modem level vs. file transfer level
• Data compression
• Effective data rate
• Modem level vs. file transfer level
Types of Modems
• Standard Modems
• Intelligent Modems
• Internal Modems
• External Modems
• Voice Modems
• Fax Modems
• Short Haul Modems
• Wireless Modems
• Cable Modems