Group 5 :

SYNTHESIS OF Alisha Rahmani Tsuraya

(1706021240)
FATS Widyapradnya Paramita
(1706020755)
Nafila Hisara
(1706063975)
Calvin Benedict Satria
(1706063786)
Ananda Raissa Qurata Aiun
(1706021234)
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS

Just as the name implies, light-dependent reactions require sunlight. Energy from sunlight is absorbed by
chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy, in the form of the electron carrier molecule NADPH
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and the energy currency molecule ATP (adenosine
triphosphate). The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes in the granum (stack of
thylakoids), within the chloroplast.
 DARK REACTION
✘ Calvin Cycle
✘ 2nd stage of photosynthesis
✘ Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
✘ Function: fix CO2 into carbohydrates
from ATP energy and NADPH electrons
produced in the light reaction
✘ Phases: fixation, reduction, regeneration

RuBP G3P
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

6 CO2 + 6 C5H12O11P2  12 C3H7O6P + 6 H2O

ATP + NADPH + H+  ADP + NADP+ + Pi
RuBisCo enzyme

✘ 10 G3P recycled to make 6 RuBP, 2 G3P used to make 1

glucose
 GLYCOLYSIS
✘ Glycolysis means the breakdown
of glucose to produce pyruvate
and energy

✘ It takes place in the cytosol of a

cell

✘ Glycolysis consist of two phases:

energy consumption phase and
energy production phase

✘ Net Reaction:
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 
2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+
c

KREBS CYCLE
✘ The Krebs cycle is a cyclic series reaction in
which acetyl CoA is added to oxaloacetate,
which is further broken down producing
CO2, reduced coenzymes, and ATP.

✘ Happens in mitochondrial matrix of

eukaryotes and cytosol of prokaryotes.

✘ The overall reaction:

2 Acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD++ 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2
Phosphate  4 CO2 +2 ATP + 2 CoA-
SH + 6 NADH + 6 H ++ 2 FADH2

✘ Electrons from Krebs cycle are passed to

electron transport chain by NADH &
FADH2 to make huge amounts of ATP.
c
LIPOGENESIS
✘ Lipogenesis is a process which convert
excess glucose into a 6-carbon fatty
acids

✘ It happened in the cytoplasm

✘ Formula:
8 acetyl-coA + 7 ATP + 14 NADPH
= Palmitic Acid + 7 ADP + 14 Phosphate
+ 14 NADP+ + 6 H2O + 8 coA
REFERENCES

✘ https://www.chem.purdue.edu/courses/chm333/images/TCA%20Hando
ut%20Thinkwell.pdf
✘ https://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/krantz/mcb102/lect_S2008/MCB102-
SPRING2008-LECTURE8-CITRIC_ACID_CYCLE.pdf
✘ http://umich.edu/~chemh215/W02PRESENT/SSG3/ssg3/
✘ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/overview-
of-photosynthesis/
✘ http://www.csun.edu/~jm77307/Glycolysis.pdf