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(BIOENERGETICS).
 Name: Belinda Viernes Date: May 18, 2020
Energy
1. What is bioenergetics?
 
It is the quantitative study of the energy transductions that occur in living cells and of the
nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions.

2. All organisms require energy to perform their functions.

3. Name the 2 main kinds of energy.

a. Kinetic energy
b. Potential energy

4. What is kinetic energy?

 
Kinetic energy is an energy coming from moving object or mass.

5. Give 2 examples of kinetic energy.

 
a. electric energy
b. Mechanical energy

6. What is potential energy?

 
Potential energy is any form of energy that has stored potential that can be put for
the future use.

7. Potential energy is stored in object and substance.

Two Types of Energy Reactions

8. What is an endergonic reaction?

 
An endergonic reaction is a reaction in which energy is absorbed. In chemistry
terms, this means that the net change in free energy is positive there is more energy in the
system at the end of the reaction than at the beginning of it.

9. Give an example of an endergonic reaction.

 

DNA/RNA Synthesis - DNA and RNA synthesis are fascinating because they do not
use ATP the same way more endergonic reactions do

10. What serves as the energy for photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms
transform light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis in green plants harnesses
the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide, water, and minerals into organic
compounds and gaseous oxygen.
11. During photosynthesis, the light energy is stored in the chemical bonds of what sugar?

It produces oxygen and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or GA3P), simple

carbohydrate molecules that are high in energy and can subsequently be converted into
glucose, sucrose, or other sugar molecules.

12. What are the two raw materials (reactants) for photosynthesis?

The photosynthetic process requires several simple reactants. Water is the first
required reactant. The plant acquires water through its root system. The next required
reactant is carbon dioxide. The plant absorbs this gas through its leaves. The final
required reactant is light energy. The plant absorbs this energy through green pigments,
called chlorophyll. This chlorophyll is located in the plant's chloroplasts.

13. What is an exergonic reaction?

 
An exergonic reaction is a reaction that releases free energy. Because this type of
reaction releases energy rather than consuming it, it can occur spontaneously, without
being forced by outside factors.

14. Give an example of an exergonic reaction.

Glycolysis - Glycolysis is the first process used by prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike
to turn energy stored in sugar into ATP. For eukaryotes, glycolysis is only the first step in a
process that leads to cellular respiration; for prokaryotes, glycolysis may be the only means
they have of obtaining ATP from glucose

15. Where does the energy for cellular respiration come from?

A portion of the energy released during respiration is captured in the form of

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores energy for use in other processes.

16. Energy released during cellular respiration that can be used by cells is called adenosine
triphosphate (ATP).

Metabolic Reactions of Cells

17. Define metabolism of cells.

Cellular metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in
order to maintain life. Cellular metabolism involves complex sequences of controlled
biochemical reactions, better known as metabolic pathways.
 
18. From what compound do animals get their energy (ATP) to do cellular work?

All animals obtain energy either directly or indirectly from these energy stores in plants.

19. Name the 2 types of metabolism.

 
 Catabolism
 Anabolism
20. Explain anabolic pathways and give an example.
  
Anabolic pathways require an input of energy synthesize complex molecules from
simpler ones. Synthesizing sugar from CO2 is one example. Other examples are the
synthesis of large proteins from amino acid building blocks, and the synthesis of new DNA
strands from nucleic acid building blocks.

21. Explain catabolic pathways and give an example.

 
Catabolic pathways involve the degradation (or breakdown) of complex molecules
into simpler ones. Molecular energy stored in the bonds of complex molecules is released
in catabolic pathways and harvested in such a way that it can be used to produce ATP.
Other energy-storing molecules, such as fats, are also broken down through similar
catabolic reactions to release energy and make ATP.

 22. The energy that drives catabolic pathways in organisms comes from breaking sugar
molecules and producing the energy molecule ATP.

Cellular Energy – ATP

23. Name the 3 components that make up ATP.

    
a. adenine base
     b. ribose
     c. phosphate groups

24. How many phosphate groups are in ATP?

There are three phosphate group there are:

1.Gamma phosphate Group

2. alpha phosphate group
3. beta phosphate group.

25. The last two phosphate groups on ATP are bonded with chemical bonds.

26. Which phosphate bond contains the MOST energy?

Adenosine triphosphate

27. Give the formula for a phosphate group.

PO₄³⁻

28. Name the process that breaks the bonds of ATP to release energy.

ATP Hydrolysis

29. How often does phosphorylation occur in cells?

 
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane, in
contrast with most of the reactions of the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation,
which take place in the matrix.
30. What enzyme weakens the last phosphate bond so it can be broken?

ATPase

31. Organisms use animals and plants to break down energy-rich compound to release the
potential  energy stored in its bonds.

32. Energy released from the chemical bonds of glucose are trapped & stored in ATP until a cell
needs energy.

33. What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

34. How much ATP do cells use?

 
100 t0 150 moles of ATP.

35. What coupled reactions make ATP and then release its energy.
 
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to three
phophate groups in a row. In a process called cellular respiration, chemical energy in food
is converted into chemical energy that the cell can use, and stores it in molecules of ATP.
This occurs when a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) uses the energy released
during cellular respiration to bond with a third phosphate group, becoming a molecule of
ATP. So the energy from cellular respiration is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd
phosphate groups of ATP. When the cell needs energy to do work, ATP loses its 3rd
phosphate group, releasing energy stored in the bond that the cell can use to do work. Now
it’s back to being ADP and is ready to store the energy from respiration by bonding with a
3rd phosphate group. ADP and ATP constantly convert back and forth in this manner.

36. Is hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic?

The reaction in which energy is released is called as exergonic reactions. The

energy released from hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi +free energy used to perform cellular
work, usually by coupling the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic
reactions.  it is an reaction that requires the energy. Endergonic condensation of ATP
requires an energy ATP is formed from ADP, Pi, and free energy therefore it is an
endergonic reaction.

37. Is energy stored or released during hydrolysis?

When one phosphate group is removed by breaking a phosphoanhydride bond in a

process called hydrolysis, energy is released, and ATP is converted to adenosine
diphosphate (ADP). Likewise, energy is also released when a phosphate is removed from
ADP to form adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

38. Is dehydration exergonic or endergonic?

The converse of dehydration synthesis is hydrolysis. Dehydration synthesis, that is,

builds molecules up at the expense of energy (endergonic reaction) while hydrolysis breaks
molecules apart, liberating energy (exergonic reaction)
39. Is energy stored or released in dehydration?

Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy,

while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy

40. When ATP is broken down to release energy, what two things form?
 
Think of it as the “energy currency” of the cell. If a cell needs to spend energy to
accomplish a task, the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP
(Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. The energy holding that phosphate molecule is
now released and available to do work for the cell.

41. During hydrolysis of ATP, a molecule of ADP is added to split the gamma phosphate bond.

42. What happens to the energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP?

  ATP hydrolysis is the catabolic reaction process by which

chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released by splitting these bonds, for example in muscles,
by producing work in the form of mechanical energy.

43. During dehydration of ATP, a molecule of ___________ is removed to join a free phosphate
and __________ making more ATP again.

44. Where is the energy stored in the dehydration process to form ATP?
 
45. How many high-energy phosphate bonds does ATP have?

The bond between two phosphate groups is a phosphoanhydride bond. This bond is

less stable and is considered a high-energy bond. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) can
provide more energy than AMP. In ATP there are three phosphate groups with two high-
energy bonds.

46. Is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic?

Anabolic pathways build complex molecules from simpler ones and typically need an input
of energy. Building glucose from carbon dioxide is one example. Other examples include the
synthesis of proteins from amino acids, or of DNA strands from nucleic acid building blocks
(nucleotides). These biosynthetic processes are critical to the life of the cell, take place constantly,
and use energy carried by ATP and other short-term energy storage molecules.
Catabolic pathways involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones and
typically release energy. Energy stored in the bonds of complex molecules, such as glucose and
fats, is released in catabolic pathways. It's then harvested in forms that can power the work of the
cell (for instance, through the synthesis of ATP).

47. Is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic?

"Endergonic" entails the absorption of energy through work. Because plants take in
solar energy, water, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll to begin the energy
process, photosynthesis is considered endergonic. In photosynthesis, energy-carrying
molecular bonds are formed.
48. The breakdown of ATP is due to hydrolysis or dehydration?

ATP breakdown into ADP and Pi is called hydrolysis because it consumes a water

molecule (hydro-, meaning “water”, and lysis, meaning “separation”).

49. Water is added or removed in the breakdown of ATP?

50 Which. of the following are coupled reactions in organisms:

   
  a. hydrolysis – dehydration?
     b. Anabolism – Catabolism?
     c. Endergonic – Exergonic?

51. What are the different energy molecules in the cell? Describe the energy storage capacity of
each and relate this to their function in living organisms.

ATP - stores smaller amounts of energy that is easily accessible by the cell. ATP is
used to run all cell activities.
Glucose - stores larger amounts of energy that is more difficult to access. Glucose is
used for energy storage. It is converted into ATP when energy is needed.

52. What are the 3 parts of an ATP molecule?

Adenine, Ribose, and Phosphate group

53. Energy is release for ATP molecule when:

A phosphate group is removed

54. How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?

Autotrophs make their own food using energy from the sun or inorganic molecules.
Heterotrophs must consume other organisms for food.

How does ATP store energy? What happens when ADP becomes ATP?

OVERVIEW of PHOTOSYNTHESIS and OVERVIEW of CELLULAR RESPIRATION

55. Which organelle is involved in photosynthesis? List and describe the parts of this organelle.

Chloroplasts are the organelle of photosynthesis in eukaryotes. The light-dependent

reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane. Stacks of thylakoids are called grana. The light-
independent reactions occur in the stroma.

56. Explain what happens to energy during photosynthesis.

In what form does it enter photosynthesis?
In what form does it exist during photosynthesis?
In what form does it leave photosynthesis?
How is this related to the over-all goal of photosynthesis?

Energy enters photosynthesis as light energy from the sun. During the light-
dependent reactions, it is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and electron
carriers. These molecules carry the chemical energy to the light-independent reactions,
 where it is stored as glucose. The goal of photosynthesis is to create food from sun energy,
thereby converting light energy into a form usable by living organisms.

57. Plant absorb energy with light-absorbing molecules called? pigment

58. What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis? Why do plants contain accessory
pigments?

Chlorophyll – it is a green pigment and therefore cannot absorb light from that part of
the electromagnetic spectrum. Accessory pigments all absorb varying wavelengths of light.
Containing multiple pigments allows plants to absorb the entire spectrum, obtaining more
energy for photosynthesis.

59. How do the events of the Calvin Cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis?

As it turns out, some of the light energy absorbed by pigments in leaves is converted
to a different form: chemical energy. Light energy is converted to chemical energy during
the first stage of photosynthesis, which involves a series of chemical reactions known as
the light-dependent reactions.

60. In some cases, regular exercise causes an increase in the number of mitochondria in muscle
cells. How might this improve an individual’s ability to perform energy-requiring activities?

Mitochondria is the center for ATP (energy) production. Therefore, if you have more
mitochondria in muscle cells, you would increase the ATP production giving your cells the
ability to generate energy to be consumed in energy-consuming activities more easily.

If the sun’s rays were to 61. On other forms of life? Please discuss the effects on both
be blocked by dust or autotrophs and heterotrophs, using pertinent vocabulary an examples
clouds formed by to support your reasoning.
volcanic eruptions or
pollution, what are Autotrophs are organisms that are able to use a source
some possible long- of energy such as sunlight, to produce their own food.
term effects on Heterotrophs cannot produce their own food and must
photosynthesis? rely on the foods they ingest for energy. Heterotrophs must
either eat autotrophs directly or eat other heterotrophs that
have already eaten autotrophs. Heterotrophs depend on
autotrophs to harvest energy from the sun. This energy is then passed on to heterotrophs in
the form of food. Without autotrophs, the sun's energy would not be available to
heterotrophs and heterotrophs would eventually die out (if they could not find a new way of
harvesting energy).

62. What is the relationship between LIGHT ENERGY and CHLOROPHYLL?

In photosynthesis, the sun’s energy is converted to chemical energy by

photosynthetic organisms. However, the various wavelengths in sunlight are not all used
equally in photosynthesis. Instead, photosynthetic organisms contain light-absorbing
molecules called pigments that absorb only specific wavelengths of visible light, while
reflecting others.
Although both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb light, chlorophyll a plays a
unique and crucial role in converting light energy to chemical. All photosynthetic plants,
algae, and cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll a, whereas only plants and green algae
contain chlorophyll b, along with a few types of cyanobacteria
63. What is the basic structure of a CHLOROPLAST (HINT: use the class handouts!)

64. How are high energy electrons created? (Think about light energy, chlorophyll, thylakoid
membrane, electron carriers, etc.)

The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis, Light is absorbed and the energy is used to
drive electrons from water to generate NADPH and to drive protons across a membrane.
These protons return through ATP synthase to make ATP.

65. What are electron carriers? Give an example

a) Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

b) Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
c) Coenzyme Q
d) Cytochrome C

66. Describe LIGHT-DEPENDENT reactions from start to finish

The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for

the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced
electron carrier NADPH. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes
of organelles called chloroplasts.

67. What are photosystems? How are they used?

a) Photosystem I
b) Photosystem II
The structural and photochemical properties of the minimum particles capable of
performing light reactions I and II have received much study. Treatment of lamellar
fragments with neutral detergents releases these particles, designated photosystem I and
photosystem II, respectively. Subsequent harsher treatment and separation of the individual
polypeptides with electrophoretic techniques have helped identify the components of the
photosystems. Each photosystem consists of a light-harvesting complex and a core
complex. Each core complex contains a reaction centre with the pigment (either P700 or P680)
that can be photochemically oxidized, together with electron acceptors and electron donors.
In addition, the core complex has some 40 to 60 chlorophyll molecules bound to proteins. In
 addition to the light absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules in the core complex, the reaction
centres receive a major part of their excitation from the pigments of the light-harvesting
complex.

68. What happens during the electron transport chain?

The electron transport chain is a series of electron transporters embedded in the

inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular
oxygen. In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter
membrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.

69.Describe LIGHT-INDEPENDENT reactions from start to finish.

The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for

the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced
electron carrier NADPH. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes
of organelles called chloroplasts.

70. How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions related/connected? How are they
different?

Just as the name implies, light-dependent reactions require sunlight. In the light-
dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored
chemical energy, in the form of the electron carrier molecule NADPH (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate) and the energy currency molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The
light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes in the granum (stack of
thylakoids), within the chloroplast.

71. What THREE (3) factors affect photosynthesis and HOW?

a. light intensity
b. level of CO2
c. Temperature

72. What is special about C4 and CAM plants (basic idea)?

C4 and CAM plants are plants that use certain special compounds to gather carbon
dioxide (CO 2 ) during photosynthesis. Using these compounds allows these plants to
extract more CO 2 from a given amount of air, helping them prevent water loss in dry
climates.

73. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration connected?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are connected through an important

relationship. This relationship enables life to survive as we know it. The products of one
process are the reactants of the other. Notice that the equation for cellular respiration is the
direct opposite of photosynthesis:
  Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
 Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

74. Do autotrophs or heterotrophs use cellular respiration, or BOTH?

Cellular respiration occurs in the cells of all living things. It takes place in the cells
of both autotrophs and heterotrophs. All of them burn glucose to form ATP.

75. What is the OVERALL reaction for CELULAR RESPIRATION?

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells in plants and animals break

down sugar and turn it into energy, which is then used to perform work at the cellular level.
The purpose of cellular respiration is simple, it provides cells with the energy they need to
function.

76. Which molecule has the most calories per gram?

Fats supply the most energy at 9 calories per gram. Carbohydrates and proteins
each provide 4 calories per gram for use as energy in the body.

77. What is the general structure of a mitochondrion?

78. What are the THREE (3) stages of cellular respiration?

a) Glycolysis
b) Kerb Cycle
c) Electro Transport Chain

79. Contrast AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC respiration? Which step(s) of cellular respiration is
AEROBIC? ANAEROBIC?

During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can
be used by the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as by products.
Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is not present. It consists of two steps.
The first step, like aerobic respiration, is glycolysis, that produces ATP from the reactant
glucose. The second step, fermentation, creates lactic acid or ethanol, depending on the
type of fermentation

80. Explain the process of GLYCOLYSIS and where it occurs

 Glycolysis is the process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two
molecules of pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). The glycolysis process is a multi-step
metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of animal cells, plant cells, and the cells of
microorganisms. At least six enzymes operate in the metabolic pathway.

The first and third steps of the pathway, ATP energizes the molecules. Thus, two
ATP molecules must be expended in the process. Further along in the process, the six-
carbon glucose molecule converts into intermediary compounds and is then split into two
three-carbon compounds. The latter undergo additional conversions and eventually form
pyruvic acid at the conclusion of the process.

During the latter stages of glycolysis, four ATP molecules are synthesized using the energy
given off during the chemical reactions. Thus, four ATP molecules are synthesized and two
ATP molecules are used during glycolysis, for a net gain of two ATP molecules.

81. What are the advantages of GLYCOLYSIS?

Very fast at producing ATP Molecules, Does not require Oxygen.

82. Explain the process of KREBS CYCLE and where it occurs

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle takes place in the
matrix of the mitochondria. Almost all of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are soluble,
with the single exception of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, which is embedded in
the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Unlike glycolysis, the citric acid cycle is a closed
loop: the last part of the pathway regenerates the compound used in the first step. The
eight steps of the cycle are a series of redox, dehydration, hydration, and decarboxylation
reactions that produce two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of
NADH and FADH2. This is considered an aerobic pathway because the NADH and FADH2
produced must transfer their electrons to the next pathway in the system, which will use
oxygen. If this transfer does not occur, the oxidation steps of the citric acid cycle also do not
occur. Note that the citric acid cycle produces very little ATP directly and does not directly
consume oxygen.

83. Explain the process of Electron Transport Chain and where it occurs

The electron transport chain is a series of electron transporters embedded in the

inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular
oxygen. In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter
membrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.

84. How many ATP are made from ONE (1) GLUCOSE molecule using Cellular Respiration?

a) Glycolysis. In glycolysis, glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of

chemical transformations. In the end, it gets converted into two molecules of
pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made,
and \text{NAD}^+NAD+start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end
superscript is converted to \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text.
 b) Pyruvate oxidation. Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial
matrix—the innermost compartment of mitochondria. There, it’s converted into
a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA. Carbon
dioxide is released and \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text is
generated.
c) Citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a four-
carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately
regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, \text{NADH}NADHstart
text, N, A, D, H, end text, and \text{FADH}_2FADH2start text, F, A, D, H, end
text, start subscript, 2, end subscript are produced, and carbon dioxide is
released.
d) Oxidative phosphorylation. The \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end
text and \text{FADH}_2FADH2start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2,
end subscript made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron
transport chain, turning back into their "empty" forms (\text{NAD}^+NAD+start
text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end
superscript and \text{FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text). As electrons move
down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the
matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an
enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron
transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

85. Describe FERMENTATION

Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from

glucose even though oxygen is not available.

86. Why is FERMENTATION important?

An important way of making ATP without oxygen is called fermentation. It

involves glycolysis, but not the other two stages of aerobic respiration. Many bacteria and
yeasts carry out fermentation. People use these organisms to make yogurt, bread, wine,
and biofuels. Human muscle cells also use fermentation. This occurs when muscle cells
cannot get oxygen fast enough to meet their energy needs through aerobic respiration.

87. How is FERMENTATION related to EXERCISE and OXYGEN?

This is because our muscle cells used lactic acid fermentation for energy. This

causes lactic acid to build up in the muscles. It is the buildup of lactic acid that makes the
muscles feel tired and sore.
88. How do cells use QUICK ENERGY?

When you need a quick boost of energy, you might reach for an apple or a candy
bar. But cells do not "eat" apples or candy bars; these foods need to be broken down so
that cells can use them. Through the process of cellular respiration, the energy in food is
changed into energy that can be used by the body's cells.

89. How do cells use LONG TERM ENERGY?

They are the long-term energy currency of the cell. For "pocket

change", cells require a molecule that stores much smaller quantities of energy,
that can be used in synthetic reactions like the formation of sucrose, and
that can be used over and over again. Such a molecule is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
90. Compare and contrast Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiraton, using a T-Chart

Both involve in production of energy

Both involve the exchange of gases

Both the process takes place in cell organelle which was considered as
endosymbiotic organism. They are chloroplast and Mitochondria, Photosynthesis
takes place in Chloroplast whereas respiration takes place in mitochondria

At critical condition both have alternate pathway.

→Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast, whereas respiration takes place in

mitochondria.

→Photosynthesis involve production of carbohydrate and respiration in volve

breaking of carbohydrate.

→ Photosynthesis occur only during presence of sunlight whereas respiration occurs

all the time.

→ In photosynthesis process Oxygen is released where as in respiration Oxygen is

utilized.

These are the main differences between Photosynthesis and respiration

LABEL THE PARTS OF MITOCHONDR IA AND CHLOROPLAST

USE TEXTBOX TO WRITE YOUR ANSWER

Inner membrain
cristea
Outer membrane
matrix
 Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Intermenbranes
pce

thylakoid
granum
Stroma
Thylakoid lumen
(aqueous fluid)

DIAGRAMS:
Use the following word bank to fill in the diagrams.– REMEMBER, some labels will be used in
MORE THAN ONE diagram!
WORD BANK:
Adenine
Ribose Light-Dependent Reaction
Phosphate groups Light-Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)
ATP Krebs Cycle
ADP Glycolysis
NADP+ Electron Transport Chain
NADPH Thylakoid
Light ENERGY Thylakoid membrane
H2O Thylakoid space
CO2 Stroma
O2 Chloroplast
Glucose
 USE TEXTBOX TO WRITE YOUR ANSWER

A. ATP MOLECULE
Adenine Ribose Phosphate Groups

PHOTOSYNTHESIS[Type a quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You
can position the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the
formatting of the pull quote text box.]

H2O CO2
Light
energy

choroplast
NADP+
limen ADP
Light
Calvin
reactions
thylakoid ATP cycle

B. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C. [Type astroma NADPH
quote from the document or the summary of an interesting point. You can position
the text box anywhere in the document. Use the Drawing Tools tab to change the formatting
of the pull quote text box.]

O2 Glucose
 Oxidative 34 ATP

0xidative 2 ATP

2 ATP

Cycle Citric acid

Circular acid cycle

2 ATP
2 atp

pyruvate
Pyruvate oxidation Glucose