A. Explain the following ancient method of detecting deception.

Balance ordeal

Ordeal of balance (Tula, Dhata)—mostly given to women, minors and old or disabled

people. The person performing the ordeal was twice weighed on a balance. If the person
weighed lighter than the previous weight they were considered innocent; if they were heavier
the second time they were considered guilty.

Boiling water ordeal

ORDEAL OF HOT WATER - The arm was plunged elbow-deep into hot water,
often to grasp a ring, stone, or holy object at the bottom of a cauldron. After several days, if
no blistering or peeling was present, the defendant was presumed innocent. Since it was
not always boiling water that was used, this was one of the most easily- manipulated trials for
the ordealists to work over. A person plunged their hand in ice cold, then boiling water.
Anybody who burned was guilty.

Donkeys tail ordeal

ORDEAL OF DONKEY'S (The Trial by Ordeal of Sacred Ass) - In India around

500 BC. A person suspected of theft is subjected to a test to determine his/her guilt. The
suspect is required to enter a dark tent and inside the tent is a donkey. The tail of this donkey
is covered with soot. The suspect is told to pull the tail of the donkey. When the suspect
comes out with a dirty hand, he is not guilty as he is not afraid to pull the donkeys tail because
he did not commit any wrong. A person who comes out of the tent with a clean hand is
presumed guilty as he is afraid to pull the donkey's tail, a manifestation of guilt at that time.

Red Hot Iron Ordeal

ORDEAL OF RED HOT IRON - the accused will be required to touch his tongue
to an extremely hot metal nine times, Once his tongue is burned, he will be adjudged guilty.
In some country instead of hot iron, they used a hot needle to tease the lips and once the
lips bleed it is an indication of guilt.

Red Water Ordeal

ORDEAL OF RED WATER - A method the accused will be required to run fast
for twelve, take a cap of rice and drink a dark colored water.

Rice Chewing Ordeal

ORDEAL OF RICE CHEWING - A method of detecting deception whereby an

accused will be required to take rice (to clergy bread or cheese).If the accused failed to
swallow even a single grain of concentrated rice he/she will be adjudged guilty
 Ordeal by Combat

ORDEAL OF COMBAT (BATTLE) - A method of law and justice used to

determine the guilt or innocence of a person. A trial by combat is usually fought
between two people.

Ordeal by Heat and Fire

Ordeal of fire (Agni)-A hot ball of iron had to be carried across a certain distance in the palm
of the hand using pipul leaves. If the hand did not end up getting burnt the person was declared
innocent. If the hand was burnt the person was found guilty.

Trial of the Cross 

ORDEAL OF THE CROSS - the accuse and the accuser stood on either side of a
cross and stretched out their hands horizontally. The one to first lower his arms lost.

B. Identify the following scientific method of detecting deception

Word Association Test

Stimulus and non-stimulus questions are read to the subject who is

instructed to answer as quickly as possible

Time interval between end of questions and start of answer is recorded

The questions may or may not be related to the crime

If the time interval between the stimulus questions and answer is the same as
that of the time interval between non-stimulus questions and answer, then the
test is negative.

For guilty people, it takes a longer time to respond to a stimulus question

Consent of subject needed

Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE)

detects, measures, and graphically displays the voice

modulations that we cannot hear. When a person speaks, there are audible voice
frequencies, and superimposed on these are the inaudible frequency
modulations which are products of minute oscillation of the muscles of the voice
mechanism. Such oscillations of the muscles or micro tremor occur at the
rate of 8 to 14 cycles per second and controlled by the central nervous system.

No sensors needed; just record the voice responses Inaudible frequency

modulations are measured Oscillations are suppressed when speaker is under
 stress.

Degree of suppression varies inversely to the degree of psychologic stress in the

speaker

When a subject is relaxed and responding honestly to a question, the micro

tremors are registered clearly in the instrument.

When a person is under stress, as when he is lying, the frequencies tend to

disappear or are moderately or completely suppressed.

Advantages:
o No need to attach sensors to the subject
o Need not carefully control the test environment
o No restriction of body movement

Use of Hypnotism

The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as

"hypnotherapy", while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is
known as "stage hypnosis," a form of mentalism. Hypnosis for pain management
"is likely to decrease acute and chronic pain in most individuals."

Use of Alcoholic Beverages

Administration of Truth Serum or Narco-analysis Test

A "Truth serum" is a colloquial name for any of a range of psychoactive

drugs used in an effort to obtain information from subjects who are unable or unwilling to
provide it otherwise. These include ethanol, scopolamine, 3-quinuclidinyl
benzilate, midazolam, flunitrazepam, sodium thiopental, and amobarbital, among others.

Polygraph Examination