BVRIT HYDERABAD

College of Engineering for Women

Department of CSE

Date: 09 November 2019

16WH1A0541: Ms P. Bhargavi
History of barcodes
 Before inventing barcodes, Seller uses a price list for knowing the
details of item. But it is very time consuming for both searching
and preparing the price list. Later this retail outlet is
computerized .In these details of items were already kept in
database.

 Using the code number of the item the seller access the details of
the item. But here also some problems arise. We must remember
the code number of each item and whenever the price changes, we
must update the entire database. If new product comes into
existence, then we have to give new code to that product. It is
risky process.

 If we use barcodes, there is no such problem. We get online

information without giving any data to the computer. If the
manufacturing company produces large quantity of products, then
these barcodes are very useful.
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 The idea was come in 1932.But it implementation take
many years. The actual usage of barcodes was started in
1970.From last 15 years usage of barcodes increases
rapidly.

 First barcode product is Wrigley's checking sum and it is

scanned at marsh’s super market around 25 years ago.
Then the little barcode tehnology has increased and
today one can see barcodes printed on every item in
retail’s stores throughout the world.

 Now we are observing these barcodes in every item that

we come across. This is useful for both manufacturer and
seller.

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Introduction

 It consists of parallel and adjacent bars. It also consists

of some narrow bars and some wide bars. The width and
height of bars are specified according to the numbers or
characters given to it. But the actual data kept on the
bars. These numbers are only for reference.

 The basic structure of barcodes consists of a start and

stop characters. And one or more data characters and a
check sum character.

 Start and stop characters are useful for barcode readers

for knowing where the barcode is started and where it is
ended. The data character consists of batch number,
country name, item code etc.
 The check sum character is used for knowing whether
the barcode reader scan the barcode correctly or not.
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Symbol description

Each barcode label have a few

different parts:-
 country identifier
 manufacturer’s id
 product item number
 check digit

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 each product have a unique product item number

 check digit is the final number on the barcode label when

scanner reads the barcode that digit helps it to verify that
the barcode has been read correctly.

 This is all done by scanner.

 Which pick ups the bars then it transfers the information to

the computer, then it finds the record associated with it.

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How it works?

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 A barcode reader decodes a barcode by scanning a light
source across the barcode and measuring the intensity of
light reflected back by the barcode.

 The pattern of reflected light is detected with a

photodiode and it is then decoded back to the original
data by inexpensive electronic circuits.

 Due to the design of the barcode it does not make any

difference if you scan a bar code from right to left or
from left to right

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 Barcode Representation
2D Barcode
1D Barcode
representation
representation

EXAMPLE –
 It is similar to a
UPC-A barcode linear (1-
dimensional)
symbol barcode, but has
more data
representation
capability.

EAN-13 barcode  EXAMPLE -

symbol
QR Code

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 QR Codes Introduction

 Quick response code – QR codes is a 2 dimensional bar code

technology consists of black modules arranged in a square
pattern on white background that enables the user to scan the
codes and link the mobile device to the Web address and
access the information.

 With smart phones and QR codes, banking account information

could be accessed using mobile phones, so instead of carrying
a bunch of cards around, a mobile phone could do wonders.

 QR Codes based payments usually don’t prefer to store card

information in the mobile phone, instead store the card
information in a secure online wallet which will be access
using QR Codes.
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QR Code Mobile Payment Process

Figure: QR Code Based Mobile Payment Process 10

 Step #0: A registered mobile user uses his/her user account and
PIN to login the mobile payment system by sending a login request
to the mobile payment server. The mobile server processes mobile
client authentication and sends a login response with the server
certificate ID, and secured session ID, as well as a public key for
the communications.

 Step #1: The mobile client authenticates the mobile server with
received public and server’s certificate.

 Step #2: The mobile client captures or receives a QR code for an

interested product from its advertisement. A mobile user may use
a mobile camera on the mobile device to capture the image of a
QR code from a posted product.

 After that mobile client decodes the received QR code, which

includes product and maker’s information, marketing data,
merchant’s mobile URL information.

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 Step #3: The mobile user clicks the given QR code to switch
the target merchant’s mobile site using the provided URL in
the received QR code.

 Step #4: The mobile user prepares and submits a purchasing

request with a digital signature as a QR code to the
merchant server.

 Step #5: The merchant server authenticates the mobile

client based on the provided the secured session ID from
the mobile client, as well as the public key.

 Step #6: The merchant server generates and sends a signed

purchase invoice with a transaction ID to the mobile client.

 Step #7: The mobile client prepares and sends a payment

request with the same transaction ID and a digital signature
to initiate a payment request. The digital signature is made
using the client private key.
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 The entire message is encoded as a QR code.

 Step #8: A secure session is established between the payment

server and the mobile client. In this step, the payment server
validates the given security information, including the
certificate from mobile client, session ID, public key, and
received digital signature. The mobile payment server
processes the payment transaction.

 Step #9: The payment server prepares and sends a payment

confirmation with a QR code receipt to the mobile client. The
mobile client displays the received confirmed message to the
mobile user.

 Step #10: The mobile server also sends a payment transaction

completion notice with a QR code to the merchant server.

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 QR Code Latest Applications

 Paypal
 In 2014, Paypal introduced mobile payment in its app.
 Customers need to check-in the location and the app
generates a QR Code. The merchant then scans the QR Codes
to get the payment.

 Chase Bank
 In 2015, Chase Bank introduced a digital wallet, Chase Pay.
This app allows customers to make payments via their smart
phones by displaying a QR Code on the app.
 The QR Code when shown and scanned by the cashier, makes
a quick payment.

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 Paytm (India)

 In 2015, Paytm, one of largest payments processor in India,

added QR Code payments feature in its app.
 Paytm was first to include small merchants in the
cashless/card less payments network. This means street
vendors, auto rickshaw drivers, electricians, etc.

 Masterpass QR Code

 Another example of a buyers-to-small business transaction

is the Masterpass QR Code.
 Ecobank group with MasterCard launched the Masterpass QR
Code in Nigeria, Africa. This allows consumers to make
digital transactions with small, medium and micro
enterprises.
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 Barcode Reader

 A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an

electronic device for reading printed barcodes.
 It consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor
translating optical impulses into electrical ones.

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 Barcode Reader working

Figure: Bar Code Reader Architecture

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 Types of barcodes

 There are five basic types of barcode readers..

- pen (wands) type reader

- slot scanners
- image scanner /camera based reader
- laser scanners

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Advantages

 represent unique identity

of a product

 accuracy of data input

(error free)

 labour savings by avoiding

manual system

 cost efficient

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Disadvantages

 System Failure may cost more delays.

 Scratched barcodes may cause problems

 In laser scanning, durability and cost are the two

disadvantages

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Applications

 Retail.

 Manufacturing.

 Packing.

 Service industry such as Courier Industry, Hospital and

Library Management.

 Export Industry.

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conclusion
 Barcodes are an efficient, reliable, robust and quick way
of storing and retrieving useful information, particularly
where large number of items needs to be associated with
some sort of identification information.

 people can now read and decide what type of barcode is

suitable for them according to their needs and area of
business.

 While almost every area of business is computerized,

barcodes can really leverage your business and decision
making processes.

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