Parallel Database

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 What Is a Parallel Database?
 A parallel database system seeks to improve performance
through parallelization of various operations, such as loading
data, building indexes and evaluating queries.

 Parallel databases improve processing & input/output speeds

by using multiple CPUs and disks in parallel.

 Centralized and client–server database systems are not

powerful enough to handle such applications.

 In parallel processing, many operations are performed

simultaneously

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 Architecture of parallel database
Shared memory architecture:
Where multiple processors share the main memory
(RAM) space but each processor has its own disk (HDD).
If many processes run simultaneously, the speed is
reduced, the same as a computer when many parallel
tasks run and the computer slows down.

Shared disk architecture:

Where each node has its own main memory,
but all nodes share mass storage, usually
a storage area network.

Shared nothing architecture:

Where each node has its own mass storage as well as main memory.

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 Speedup
 Speedup
 Speedup is the extent to which more hardware can perform the same task in less
time than the original system. With added hardware, speedup holds the task
constant and measures time savings.

 With good speedup, additional processors reduce system response time. You
can measure speedup using this formula:

 Time_Parallel is the elapsed time spent by a larger, parallel system on the given
task.

 For example, if the original system took 60 seconds to perform a task, and two
parallel systems took 30 seconds, then the value of speedup would equal 2.
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 Scaleup
 Scaleup
 Scaleup is the factor m that expresses how much more work can be done in the same time period
by a system n times larger. With added hardware, a formula for scaleup holds the time constant,
and measures the increased size of the job which can be done.

 With good scaleup, if transaction volumes grow, you can keep response time constant by adding
hardware resources such as CPUs.

 You can measure scaleup using this formula:

 Volume_Parallel : is the transaction volume processed in a given amount of time on a parallel

system

 For example, if the original system can process 100 transactions in a given amount of time, and
the parallel system can process 200 transactions in this amount of time, then the value of
scaleup would be equal to 2. That is, 200/100 = 2.

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Intraquery Parallelism
It is about executing a single query in parallel using multiple processors or disks.

This can be done by dividing the data into many smaller units and execute the query on
those smaller tables.

We have so many queries which are complex and consume more time and resources.

For example: SELECT * FROM Email ORDER BY Start_Date;

This query will sort the records of Email table in ascending order on the
attribute Start_Date.

Assume that the Email table has 10000 records.

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Independent parallelism and Pipe-lined parallelism
Independent parallelism:
Execution of each operation individually in different processors only if they can be
executed independent of each other.
For example, if we need to join four tables, then two can be joined at one processor
and the other two can be joined at another processor. Final join can be done later.

Pipe-lined parallelism:
Execution of different operations in pipe-lined fashion.
For example, if we need to join three tables, one processor may join two tables and
send the result set records as and when they are produced to the other processor.
In the other processor the third table can be joined with the incoming records and the
final result can be produced.

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 What Are the Benefits of Parallel Database?
 Higher Performance:
 With more CPUs available to an application, higher speedup and
scaleup can be attained.
 Higher Availability
 Nodes are isolated from each other, so a failure at one node does not
bring the whole system down.
 Greater Flexibility
 Instances can be allocated or deallocated as necessary. When there is
high demand for the database, more instances can be temporarily
allocated.
 More Users
 Parallel database technology can make it possible to overcome
memory limits, enabling a single system to serve thousands of users.