This is a new doc

very new
 What to do in life
The following are potential causes of a hiatal hernia.[6]
•Increased pressure within the abdomen caused by:
•Heavy lifting or bending over
•Frequent or hard coughing
•Hard sneezing
•Violent vomiting
•Straining during defecation (i.e., the Valsalva maneuver)
Obesity and age-related changes to the diaphragm are also general risk factors.

The diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is typically made through an upper GI series, endoscopy or high resolution manometry.
•
A large hiatal hernia on chest X-ray marked by open arrows in contrast to the heart borders marked by closed arrows

•
This hiatal hernia is mainly identified by an air-fluid level (labeled with arrows).
An axial CT image showing marked dilatation of the esophagus in a person with achalasia.
Due to the similarity of symptoms, achalasia can be mistaken for more common disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), hiatus hernia, and even psychosomatic disorders. Specific tests for achalasia
• D
• V
• F
• F
• Gg
• Ffadd
• Df
• Ee

• oooooooooooooooooooooo
hiatal hernia as seen on CT

•
A large hiatal hernia as seen on CT imaging

•
A large hiatal hernia as seen on CT imaging

• [7]

As seen on ultrasound

• [7]

As seen on ultrasound

Classification
[edit]
Schematic diagram of different types of hiatus hernia. Green is the esophagus, red is the stomach, purple is the diaphragm, blue is the HIS-angle. A is the normal anatomy, B is a pre-stage, C is a sliding hiatal hernia, and D is a paraesophageal (rolling) type.
Four types of esophageal hiatal hernia are identified:[8]
Type I: A type I hernia is also known as a sliding hiatal hernia. There is a widening of the muscular hiatal tunnel and circumferential laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament, allowing a portion of the gastric cardia to herniate
upward into the posterior mediastinum. The clinical significance of type I hernias is in their association with reflux disease. Sliding hernias are the most common type and account for 95% of all hiatal hernias. [9] (C)
Type II: A type II hernia results from a localized defect in the phrenoesophageal ligament while the gastroesophageal junction remains fixed to the pre aortic fascia and the median arcuate ligament. The gastric fundus then serves
as the leading point of herniation. Although type II hernias are associated with reflux disease, their primary clinical significance lies in the potential for mechanical complications. (D)
Type III: Type III hernias have elements of both types I and II hernias. With progressive enlargement of the hernia through the hiatus, the phrenoesophageal ligament stretches, displacing the gastroesophageal junction above the
 Hiatal hernia
Other names Hiatus hernia

A drawing of a hiatal hernia

Specialty Gastroenterology, general surgery
Symptoms Taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn,
[1]
trouble swallowing
[1]
Complications Iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, bowel obstruction
[1]
Types
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sliding, paraesophageal
[1]
Jump to navigationJump to search
Risk factors Obesity, older age, major trauma
[1]
Diagnostic method Endoscopy, medical imaging, manometry
ATreatment
hiatal hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs
Raising the head (typically
of the bed, the medications,
weight loss, stomach) slip through the dia
[1]
The most common risk factors are obesity and older
surgery age. Other risk factors include major trauma, scoli
[1]

Symptoms
Medication from a hiatal hernia may be improved by changes
H2 blockers, proton pumpsuch as raising
inhibitors
[1] the head of the bed, weigh
[1]
Frequency 10–80% (US)
 often shows an immobile, enlarged
gallbladder.[13] Treatment involves immediate antibiotics
and cholecystectomy within 24–72 hours.[20]
Chronic cholecystitis[edit]
Chronic cholecystitis occurs after repeated episodes of
acute cholecystitis and is almost always due to
gallstones.[13] Chronic cholecystitis may be asymptomatic,
• What’s up may present as a more severe case of acute cholecystitis,
or may lead to a number of complications such
as gangrene, perforation, or fistula formation.[13][14]
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare form of
chronic cholecystitis which mimics gallbladder cancer
although it is not cancerous.[21][22] It was first reported in
the medical literature in 1976 by McCoy and
colleagues.[21][23]
Mechanism[edit]
Blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone causes a
buildup of bile in the gallbladder and increased pressure
within the gallbladder. Concentrated bile, pressure, and
sometimes bacterial infection irritate and damage the
gallbladder wall, causing inflammation and swelling of the
gallbladder.[1] Inflammation and swelling of the gallbladder
can reduce normal blood flow to areas of the gallbladder,
which can lead to cell death due to inadequate oxygen.[13]
Diagnosis[edit]
 often shows an immobile, enlarged
gallbladder.[13] Treatment involves immediate antibiotics
and cholecystectomy within 24–72 hours.[20]
Chronic cholecystitis[edit]
Chronic cholecystitis occurs after repeated episodes of
acute cholecystitis and is almost always due to
gallstones.[13] Chronic cholecystitis may be asymptomatic,
• hello may present as a more severe case of acute cholecystitis,
or may lead to a number of complications such
as gangrene, perforation, or fistula formation.[13][14]
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare form of
chronic cholecystitis which mimics gallbladder cancer
although it is not cancerous.[21][22] It was first reported in
the medical literature in 1976 by McCoy and
colleagues.[21][23]
Mechanism[edit]
Blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone causes a
buildup of bile in the gallbladder and increased pressure
within the gallbladder. Concentrated bile, pressure, and
sometimes bacterial infection irritate and damage the
gallbladder wall, causing inflammation and swelling of the
gallbladder.[1] Inflammation and swelling of the gallbladder
can reduce normal blood flow to areas of the gallbladder,
which can lead to cell death due to inadequate oxygen.[13]
Diagnosis[edit]
• Hello students