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In the late 18th century life the industrial revolution began to transform life in Britain.

Until then most people lived in the countryside and made their living from farming.By the
mid 19th century most people in Britain lived in towns and made their living from mining or
manufacturing industries.
 In 1769 James Watt (1736-1819) patented a more efficient
steam engine. In 1785 his engine was adapted to driving machinery
in a cotton factory. The use of steam engines to drive machines slowly
transformed industry.
 Meanwhile during the 1700s Britain built up a great overseas
empire. The North American colonies were lost after the War of
Independence 1776-1783. On the other hand, after the Seven
Years War 1756-1763, Britain captured Canada and India. Britain
also took Dominica, Grenada, St Vincent and Tobago in the West
Indies. In 1707 the Act of Union was passed. Scotland was united
with England and Wales. England became part of Great Britain.
 Schools were not compulsory, but many upper-class boys attended
school, and some girls from well-off families did, too. Girls were
educated more in “accomplishments” like embroidery and music than
in academic subjects.
 Some “charity schools” started to provide an education to lower-class
children.
 Orphans roamed the streets; because they didn’t attend school, they
had little chance of improving their situation.
 It was a difficult life for poor people: There was no government
assistance for the unemployed, and many had trouble finding their
next meal or a warm place to sleep.
Fashion was important in upper society:
Upper-class women wore stays, which
were bodices with strips of whalebone,
and hooped petticoats under their
dresses.
Women’s shoes and stockings remained
rather traditional with white and black
laced stockings along with high-
heeled, pointed toe shoes.
And not as uncommon as today,
fashionable women were many
accessories that interchanged between
different gloves, watches, masks, and
jewelry.
 The early 18th century was noted for its lack of religious
enthusiasm and the churches in England lacked vigor. However
in the mid-18th century things began to change. In 1739 the
great evangelist George Whitefield (1714-1770) began preaching.
Also in 1739 John Wesley (1703-1791) began preaching. He
eventually created a new religious movement called the
Methodists. His brother Charles Wesley (1707-1788) was a
famous hymn writer.
 During the 18th century England produced two great portrait
painters, Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788) and Sir Joshua
Reynolds (1723-1792). Meanwhile the artist William Hogarth
painted scenes showing the harsh side of 18th century life. The
Royal Academy of Arts was founded in 1768. In theater the
greatest actor of the 18th century was David Garrick.
 In science Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) discovered oxygen. Henry
Cavendish (1731-1810) discovered hydrogen. He also calculated
the mass and density of the earth. William Herschel discovered
Uranus. The Scottish engineer Thomas Telford (1757-1834) built
roads, canals and the Menai suspension bridge.
Made by:
Oniciuc Ilinca
Gherasim Alexandru
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