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System
System
Ground plate
Earth / Ground Basics
Types of Grounding Systems
Ground mesh
Soil Characteristics
Soil type. Soil resistivity varies widely
depending on soil type, from as low as 1
Ohmmeter for moist loamy topsoil to almost
10,000 Ohm-meters for surface limestone.
Moisture content is one of the controlling
factors in earth resistance because electrical
conduction in soil is essentially electrolytic.
Cable(Earthing conductor)
Clamp
Test link
Rod(Earthing electrode)
Rod coupler
Recommended values of earth resistance
Low voltage 5
Medium 2.5
voltage
High voltage 0.5
Substation earthing system
•Grounding grids
Step and touch voltages
Step potential
“Step potential” is the voltage
between the feet of a person standing
near an energized grounded object.
It is equal to the difference in voltage,
given by the voltage distribution curve,
between two points at different
distances from the “electrode.”
A person could be at risk of injury
during a fault simply by standing near
the grounding point.
Touch potential
“Touch potential” is the voltage between
the energized object and the feet of a
person in contact with the object.
It is equal to the difference in voltage
between the energized object and a point
some distance away.
The touch potential could be nearly the
full voltage across the grounded object if
that object is grounded at a point remote
from the place where the person is in
contact with it.
Ground Testing Methods (1)
Resistivity Measurement
Used to determine
which KIND of
earthing should be
used, so BEFORE
placing earth stakes
Ground Testing
Methods (1)
Resistivity Measurement
E = 2 . a . RE
E ...... mean value of soil resistivity (W.m)
RE ...... measured resistance (W)
a ...... probe distance (m)
Resistance of driven rods:
The Ground Resistance (R) of a single rod, of diameter (d) an
driven length (i) driven vertically into the soil of resistivity (ρ), can
be calculated as follows:
8l
R ln 1
2l d
where: ρ Soil Resistivity in m
l Buried Length of the electrode in m
d Diameter of the electrode in m
The rod is assumed as carrying current uniformly along its rod.
Examples
(a) 20mm rod of 3m length and Soil resistivity 50 Ω-m .....R=16.1 Ω
(b) 25mm rod of 2m length and Soil resistivity 30 Ω-m .....R=13.0 Ω
The resistance of a single rod is not sufficiently
low.
A number of rods are connected in parallel.
They should be driven far apart as possible to
minimize the overlap among their areas of
influence.
It is necessary to determine the net reduction in
the total resistance by connecting rods in
parallel.
The rod is replaced by a hemispherical
electrode having the same resistance.
Rod Electrodes in Parallel
AT-090H AT-090H
Earth clamping 2
Recently,
some new methods have been
proposed to decrease ground resistance.
1-Chemical Rods
Extremely conductive
Easy installation
Permanent
Installing an EARTHLINK 101 earthling strip is
simple: