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Step Potential: Step Potential is the difference in the voltage between two
points which are one meter apart along the earth when ground currents flowing.
B. Touch Potential: Touch Potential is the difference in voltage between the
object touched and the ground point just below the person touching the object when
ground currents are flowing.
C. Ground Potential Rise (GPR): The maximum electrical potential that a
sub-station grounding grid may attain relative to a distant grounding point assumed
to be at the potential of remote earth. This voltage is equal to:
Where,
D = spacing between conductors of the grid in meters
h = depth of burial grid conductor in meters
n = number of parallel conductor in one direction
Factors influencing earth mat design are: Magnitude of fault current, duration
of fault, soil resistivity, resistivity of surface material, shock duration, material of
earth mat conductor, earth mat geometry.
Earth Riser:
Earth riser is the connector between structures, equipment bodies and the
earthing mat. Earth risers shall be of high quality stranded copper conductor, yellow
green PVC insulated.
Earthing Conductors:
The earth mat is made from earthing conductors. The design of cross-section
of earthing conductor depends on:
Fault current through the earth conductor and duration of fault( for main
protection: 0.5 S and for back up protection: 1 S)
Permitted final temperature for earth conductor
Permitted voltage drop in each conductor:
Type of Conductor Maximum Possible Temperature
Copper 400˚C
Aluminum 200˚C
Steel 500˚C
Sample Calculation:
Type of conductor: Copper
Current carrying capacity: 200A/mm²
Final temperature: 300˚C
Ambient temperature: 30˚C
S: 190
Fault Current: 40kA
Duration: 0.5S
Cross-sectional area of conductor = (40*0.51/2 )/190
= 148.86 mm²
Earth Switch:
Earthing switches are mounted on the base of mainly line side isolator. They
are normally vertically break switches and are kept open normally. It is used to
earth the live parts during maintenance and testing. During maintenance although
the circuit is open still there are some voltages on line, due to which capacitance
between line and earth is charged. Before proceeding to maintenance work the
voltage is discharged to earth, by closing the earth switch.
Reference Data for Typical Earthing System:
25mm/40mm dia steel bars
Earthing electrodes 2-3cm long
For this substation we have decided to use sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker.
ADVANTAGES:
Excellent insulating, arc extinguishing, physical and chemical properties of
SF6 gas.
Non flammable and chemically stable SF6 gas reduces the chance of
explosion.
Electrical clearances are very much reduced because of high dielectric strength
of SF6.
Minimum maintenance is required.
Its performance is not affected by variations in atmosphere.
No overvoltage problem. The arc is extinguished at natural current zero
without current chopping.
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CIRCUIT
BREAKER:
Sl.no Description 400KV 220KV
SF6 SF6
02 Type
1 Ph./3 Ph. 1 Ph./3Ph.
03 Auto Reclosing
50 50
04 Rated frequency (Hz)
OPERATING MECHANISM:
Sl.
DESCRIPTION 400KV 220 KV
No.
1 Nominal System Voltage (KV) 400 220
2 Rated Voltage (KV) 420 245
3 Frequency (Hz) 50
4 No. of Phases 3-phase
5 System Neutral Earthing
Effectively Earthed
6 No of poles 3
7 Location Outdoor
8 Rated Insulation Level
A 1.2/50 micro-sec. lightning Impulse
Withstand Voltage (KVp)
i) Between line terminals and ± 1425 ±1050
ground.
ii) Between line terminals with ± 1425 KVP ±1200
isolator open. impulse on one
terminal and
240 KVP power
frequency
voltage of
opposite
polarity on
other terminal.
11 Mounting Condition On
Structure
12 Method of operation Main / Motor / Manua
Earthing Switch as well as local
Motor /
electrical
Manual
operation
having motor
13 Number of auxiliary switches for 20 NO+20NC 10NO+10NC
main isolator (min.) (min.)
14 Number of Make before break and 4 NO + 4 NC 2NO+2NC
break after break auxiliary switches (min.) (min.)