CHAPTER: 6

RIZAL'S SEARCH FOR ORIGIN

By: Parenas, Paul Isaac
 THE
PACTO
DE SANGRE
 OVERVIEW

Before the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan,

the West almost knew nothing about the
islands where our ancestors lived. Upon his
arrival in 1521, Magellan set forth in his
mission to colonize the islands. In the forefront
of this mission were the friars who converted
the inhabitants to Christianity. It could be said
that Catholicism was one of the most
important influences that Spain had on
Filipinos.
 TOPICS

1 · THE PACTO DE SANGRE

2 · THE ENGKANTOS: CONQUISTA ESPIRITUAL

3 · CULTURAL ENTRAPMENT AND THE COLONIAL

COCKPIT

4 · THE IDEOLOGY OF SUBMISSION

 PACTO DE SANGRE

ACT OF
SANDUGO IN FRIENDSHIP
“TREATY OF
01 FILIPINO 02 (MIGUEL
LOPEZ DE
03 PEACE”
LEGASPI)

SYMBOL OF THE
CULTURAL
04 TRANSFUSION
PACTO DE SANGRE (BLOOD COMPACT)

• HAS BEEN HIGHLY VARIABLE

• LIVED ON IN THE NATIONAL
IMAGINATION
 GREGORIO ZAIDE
HISTORY OF THE
FILIPINO PEOPLE

“AT LIMASAWA, HE
(LEGASPI) WAS WELL
RECEIVED BY BANKAW,
KING OF THE ISLAND -
SIKATUNA AND SIGALA.” • MAY 25,1907-OCTOBER 31,1988
• DEAN OF FILIPINO HISTORIOGRAPHERS
 SIKATUNA

• DATU SIKATUNA OR
CATUNAO
• REAL NAME “KATUNA”
• MADE ALLIANCE WITH
THE SPANISH EXPLORER
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE
LEGAZPI
MONUMENT OF BLOOD COMPACT
(TAGBILIRAN CITY)
 FILIPINO SAGA: HISTORY AS
SOCIAL CHANGE
ROSARIO MENODIZA CORTES

“MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI ARRIVED IN

CEBU RULED BY RAHAJ TUPAS, ON APRIL
27, 1565. EARLIER, HE HAD LANDED IN
BOHOL, WHERE HE BEFRIENDED TWO
NATIVE CHIEFS SIKATUNA AND SIGALA
WITH WHOM HE PERFORMED BLOOD
COMPACTS, FIRST WITH SIKATUNA ON
MARCH 16, 1565 AND FEW DAYS LATER
WITH SIGALA.”
 PACTO DE SANGRE: SPANISH LEGACY IN
FILIPINAS
VIRGILIO ALMARIO
• SYMBOL OF THE CULTURAL
TRANSFUSION WHICH
TRANSPIRED AFTER SIKATUNA
DRANK THE WINE MIXED WITH
LEGAZPI'S BLOOD
• SIKATUNA WEDDED FILIPINOS
TO SPANISH CULTURE AND
CIVILIZATION
EL PACTO DE SANGRE
JUAN LUNA
• INTERPRETED THE KATIPUNAN AS A REVIVAL OF
SANDUGO
• THE PRIMARY RELATIONSHIP THAT WAS BEING
ESTABLISHED IN THIS RITE WAS WITH INANG
BAYAN, AND EVERYONE SHARED THE SAME BLOOD,
AND ALL, THEREFORE, WERE SIBLINGS.
EXHIBITION RITUAL ILUSTRADOS SIBLINGS
 THE
ENGKANTOS:
CONQUISTA
ESPIRITUAL
 CONQUISTA ESPIRITUAL
• CATHOLIC PRIESTS DISTRIBUTED
THEMSELVES THROUGHOUT THE
ARCHIPELAGO
• FRIARS OVERPOWERED AND
OVERWHELMED THE NATIVES,
THUS, EXTENDING THE AREA
SPANISH CONTROL
 •FRIARS AND INDIO WHERE ONE IN THEIR
BELIEF IN A SPIRITUAL REALM INHABITED
BY A PRENATURAL BEING.
•FRIARS MISSION IN THE PHILIPPINES WAS
CALLED “CONQUISTAE SPIRITUAL”
 CONQUISTAE SPIRITUAL
• IMPERIAL CONQUEST WAS SPIRITUAL INVASION
• MASSIVE INTRUSION OF HISPANIC SPIRIT BEINGS INTO THE ISLANDS
ENGKANTO (CHARM)
DWENDE (ELF)
MULTO OR MURIO (GHOST)
KAPRE (DARK, HAIRY, OTHERWORLDLY GIANT)
SANTILMO (A SPIRIT OR SOUL IN APPEARANCE OF
FIRE)
SIRENA (SEA NYMPH)
 THE ENGKANTO BELIEF
JESUIT FRANCISCO DEMETRIO

•ENGKANTOS WERE DESCRIBED AS BEING OF BOTH

SEXES AND VARYING AGES AND OF FAIR
COMPLEXION, GOLDEN HAIRED, BLUE-EYED, CLEAN
CUT FEATURES AND PERFECTLY CHISELLED FACE.
•SEEN SINGLY OR AS FAMILIES, BUT HARDLY AS
COMMUNITIES.
 ENGKANTO BELIEF
• EXTREMELY SMALL NUMBER , BUT THEY HAD THIS IMPOSING
PRESENCE IN WHICH THEY LAID DOWN RULES OF THE SOCIAL
GAME ONLY THEY COULD BREAK.
• “ENGKANTO FIGURE” CONSTITUTED A TELLING CRITIQUE OF THE
COLONIZERS WHO “DUPED”, “LED ASTRAY”, AND “MADE FUN” OF
THE NATIVES
• ISLANDERS ACCEPTED THE MEANING OF COLONIAL CONQUEST IN TERMS
OF SPANIARDS' ALLIANCE WITH THEIR SPIRIT WORLD.
• FRIARS FOUND NEW SETTLEMENTS AND STARTES EVANGELIZING
MISSION BY MASTERING LOCAL LANGUAGE AND CATHOLIC RITES.
• NAMING OF THE SPIRITS IS THE FORMIDABLE STEP OF CONFRONTING
AND OBJECTIFYING THE ALTERED REALITIES TRIGERRED BY COLONIAL
CONQUEST.
 GOLDEN AGE OF CATHOLICISM

• DURING SECOND HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY

• DISRUPTIONS OF EVERYDAY LIFE IMMEDIATELY
PROVOKED RELIGIOUS RESPONSES AND ALL EVOKED
A CYCLE OF PROCESSIONS AND PRAYERS.
ENSALMADORES (CASTERS OF SPELL) AND
SALUDADORES (HEALERS)
• PHILIPPINES BECAME A MEETING POINT OF TWO RELIGIOUS
SYSTEMS THAT WERE FUNDAMENTALLY ALIKE
• NATIVES TO CLASSIFY AND LOCALIZE THE SAINTS ALONG
WITH THEIR ANCESTORS AND THE ENGKANTOS ALONG WITH
THE INIDGENOUS TERRESTRIAL BEINGS.
• E.G. SANTO NINO (HOLY CHILD) CEBU= DIWATA IN
SPANIARDS
• CATHOLIC IDOLS WERE EQUIVALENT TO THE NATIVE ICONS
HOW DID FRIAR POWER MAKE INDIO SUBMIT TO
THE NEW RELIGION?
• PROJECTED THE IMAGE OF SHAMANS WHOSE MAGICAL
ENSEMBLE INCLUDED IN THE CATHOLIC SACRAMENTS.
• BAPTISM: AS A MOST EFFICACIOUS REMEDY FOR LEPROSY
AND EMPLOYED IN REVIVING A COMATOSE MAN.
• USED POTENT OBJECTS
 CATHOLIC ITEMS
• MEDALLIONS
• ROSARIES
• SCAPULARS
• THE CROSS
• WATER BLESSED BY
THE PRIESTS BECAME
NOVEL MEDIA
ACCORDING TO JESUIT PEDRO CHIRINO

MANY WERE CURED OF THE

SERIOUS ILLNESS AFTER
RECEIVING THE HOLY
SACRAMENTS
 HOLY WATER
• BECAME KNOWN AS MEDICINE
• SPARED FROM DEATH: EPIDEMIC THAT CAUSED PAINS IN THE
HEAD AND THE STOMACH
• ALSO BEEN REPORTED THAT IT WAS APPLIED TO A PATIENT'S
BODY
•THUS, WITH THE AID OF CATHOLIC MAGICAL
WORDS, RELICS AND GESTURES, THE FRIARS
DEMONSTRATED SUPERIOR COSMIC STRENGTH
•SUCCESS OF FRIARS, ANITO AND DIWATA
BEGAN TO LOSE THEIR ABILITIES TO CAUSE, AS
WELL AS HEAL ILLNESSES
•FRIAR BECAME THE BASIS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF
SURPLUS FROM THE NATIVE POPULATION.
•SPANISH PRIESTS BEGAN TO CHARGE
SACRAMENTAL FEES
•NATIVES WOULD BESTOW ESTEEM, CONFIDENCE,
ADORATION, AND ANYTHING THEY OWNED
CONQUER GOLDEN CATHOLIC SUBMISSION
AGE ITEMS