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CHE-402
Chapter 1
2
Basic Definitions
Chemical Reaction:
1. Unimolecular reactions:
1. Homogeneous reactions 1. Reversible reactions A B
2. Heterogeneous reactions 2. Irreversible reactions 2. Bimolecular reactions:
2A B
A B C
3. Termolecular reaction
2A B C 3
Chemical Reactions and Rate of Reactions:
aA bB cC dD
The rate equation (i.e. rate law) is an algebraic equation that is solely a
function of the properties of the reacting materials and reaction conditions
including species, temperature, pressure or type of catalyst, if any at a
point in the system.
Mole Mole
Dimension: Units:
Time Length 3 s m3
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Chemical Reactions and Rate of Reactions:
aA bB cC dD
It is defined for each species in the chemical reaction, i.e.
rA Negative
rB Negative
rC Positive
rD Positive
All species reaction rates in a certain reactions are interrelated through the
stoichiometric ratios as follows:
rA rB rC rD
a b c d
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Chemical Reactions and Rate of Reactions:
Example 1:
2 NO O2 2 NO2
If the rate of nitrogen dioxide was measured and found to be 4.0 mol/m3/s, what
would be the rate of the two other species?
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Reaction Rate Models
aA bB cC dD N2O 2 N2 O2
rA k AC A CB
The product of concentration of k N 2 O C N 2O
concentrations of the individual reacting rN2O
species, each of which is raised to a power
1 k CO2
Concentration
1 n
k , n
Time
Definition:
Batch Reactors are defined as reactors in which no flow of mass across the reactor
boundaries, once the reactants have been charged.
Schematic Representation of Batch Reactors:
Stirrer
Liquid Surface
Tank V
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Batch Reactor:
Mode of Operation:
Cleaning the
reactor
Unloading the
reactor
Loading the
reactor
Stopping the
operation
t = tf
Adding the
initiator
t=0
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Batch Reactor:
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Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR):
1. model a tubular-
type reactors such
as ammonia
manufacturing
reactor.
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Plug Flow Reactors(PFR):
X -rA (mol/m3 × s)
0.0 0.45
0.1 0.37
0.2 0.30
0.4 0.195
0.6 0.113
0.7 0.079
0.8 0.05
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Example 2.2
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25.00
20.00
15.00
1/rA
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Converstion, X
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Thank you
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