Hematologic System

Week 7 Day 1

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Blood is one of the
body’s major fluid
tissues
It is pumped by the
heart and it
continuously
circulates though
out the blood
vessels.

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 Blood is made up of:

A liquid component
 Cellular components
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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 Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes give blood

its color
The RBCs transport
oxygen to body tissues
and carry carbon dioxide
away from tissues

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 White Blood Cells

These protect the body

from harmful bacteria
and infection
They are classified two
ways:
1. Granular
Leukocytes
2. Non-granular
Leukocytes
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 The Eosinophils The Basophils

These are minor Are also a minor

granulocytes and granulocyte
defend against These release
parasites histamine into
the blood

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 The types of non-granular leukocytes
include:

The Monocytes
The Lymphocytes
The Platelets

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 They form 3 They have a role
vital functions in hemostasis
 They help constrict
that includes
damaged blood vessels
 They form hemostatic
Platelets
plugs in injured blood Plasma
vessels by becoming
swollen, spikey, sticky Coagulation factors
and secretory
 They provide These all interact to
substances that control bleeding
accelerate the blood
clotting like factors III
and XIII and platelet
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 Hereditary Blood Types

ABO Groups Types: A, B, O, or AB

Antigens
Antibodies
Rh Factor
Rh Positive
Rh Negative

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 Blood Group Antigen
Has only A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the
A
plasma)
Has only B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the
B
plasma)
Has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B
AB
antibody in the plasma)
Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B
O
antibody are in the plasma)

Blood Type Donate Blood To Receive Blood From

A+ A+ AB+ A+ A- O+ O-
O+ O+ A+ B+ AB+ O+ O-
B+ B+ AB+ B+ B- O+ O-
AB+ AB+ Everyone
A- A+ A- AB+ AB- A- O-
O- Everyone O-
B- B+ B- AB+ AB- B- O-
AB- AB+ AB- AB- A- B- O-

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 Diagnostic Studies and Tests

 Indirect Coombs Test

 Direct Coombs Test
 Type and Screen
 Type and Cross Match

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 Complete Blood Count (CBC)

 Helps with diagnosing anemias and blood dyscrasias.

 Red blood cell ( RBC )
 Hemoglobin ( HGB )
 Hematocrit ( HCT )
 Mean Corpuscular Volume ( MCV )
 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin ( MCH )
 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration ( MCHC )
 White blood cell ( WBC )

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 Coagulation Studies

 PT- Prothrombin Time

 INR- International Normalized Ratie
 PTT- Partial Thromboplastin Time
 THESE LABS MEASURE BLEEDING TIME= HOW
LONG IT TAKES TO CLOT SO (ALWAYS IN
SECONDS)

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 Blood Dyscrasias
 Blood disorders can be:
 Primary
 Secondary
 Qualitative
 Quantitative

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 Blood disorders can be caused by

Trauma
Chemotherapy
Chronic diseases
Surgery

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 White Blood Cell Disorders

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 An increase in WBCs is a normal
response to fight infections and
inflammation
An increase in the precursors and their
accumulation in the bone marrow or
lymphoid tissue signals leukemia
A blast is an WBC precursor and not
only do they not protect against
infections but they are also harmful
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 Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC)

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 DIC causes:
Small blood Vessel blockage
Organ tissue damage
Depletion of circulating clotting factors
and platelets
An activation of a clot dissolving
process called fibrinolysis
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 There are five major precipitating
causes of DIC

Infections
Obstetric complications
Neoplastic disease
Disorders that can produce necrosis
And other disorders and conditions

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 Signs and
Symptoms Diagnostic Tests

 Cutaneous oozing
 Platelet count
 Petechiae
 Bleeding from  Fibrinogen levels
surgical sites or IV  Prothrombin time (PT)
sites
 Partial thromboplastin
 Hemoptysis
time (PTT)
 Diaphoresis

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 Nursing
Treatments Indications
Monitor VS
FFP Monitor for
administration hemorrhage
Administer blood
Platelets products
Cryoprecipitate Administer
medications

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 Anemia

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 There are many types of Anemia:
Blood Loss Anemia
Pernicious Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia

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 Blood Loss Anemia
(Hypovolemic Anemia)

This is a secondary anemia

It is caused by abnormally low
circulating blood volume due to
hemorrhage

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 Signs and Treatments:
Symptoms
Mechanical
Increased ventilation
respiratory rate
Replacement of
Weak thread pulse fluid volume with
Diaphoresis saline
Hypotension Transfusions of
packed RBCs
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 Pernicious Anemia

This is a disease that is a result from a

metabolic defect
It is the absence of a glycoprotein
intrinsic factor that is secreted by the
gastric mucosa

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 Signs and Diagnostic
Symptoms Tests

Weakness Schillings Test

Weight loss Gastric analysis
Dysphagia Bone marrow
Disorientation aspiration

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 Nursing
Treatments Indications
 Vitamin B12
 Folic acid supplements Monitor VS
 Iron replacement Administer
therapy medications
 CBC Monitor diet

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 Aplastic Anemia

Has two classifications:

Congenital Anemia
Acquired Anemia

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 Signs and Treatments
Symptoms
Fever Platelet
transfusions
Fatigue
Blood transfusions
Malaise
are avoided
Dyspnea
Splenectomy if
Palpitations needed

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 Iron Deficiency Anemia

It results from:

An inadequate dietary intake of iron
Malabsorption syndromes

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 Signs and
Symptoms Treatments
Generalized
weakness Iron supplements
Fatigue Vitamin C
supplements
Light headedness
Inability to Diet high in iron
concentrate

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 Sickle Cell Anemia

This is an abnormal crescent shaped red

blood cell that contains hemoglobin S
(this is a defective hemoglobin
molecule)

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 Signs and
Symptoms Complications

Stress and physical

factors precipitate
an attack Pneumonia

Fatigue Meningitis

Pain Influenza

Aching joints

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 Diagnostic
Tests Treatments

Bed rest
Antibiotics
H& H levels
Oxygen therapy
WBCs
Fluid replacement
MRIs
therapy
Opioid Analgesics

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