EIA ON MULTI – STOREY

BUILDING WATER SUPPLY

P18EET2003 - ENVIRONMENTAL IMAPCT ASSESSMENT

PRESENTED BY
SANGEETHA A
18MEEE009
INTRODUCTION

 Construction, operation and demolition of buildings represent one of the most damaging
human activities in the global environment nowadays.

 Water use is one of the most representative environmental loads to be considered.

 Water conservation and efficiency programs have begun to lead to substantial decreases in the
use of water within buildings.

 Studies have shown that water-efficient appliances and fixtures can reduce consumption by up
to 30 percent or more.

 Water efficiency not only can lead to substantial water savings, but it also can reduce the
requirement for expansion of water treatment facilities.
WATER ENVIRONMENT

 As per BIS, for residential buildings with a population of 20,000-1,00,000, the per capita
consumption is 100-150 lpcd and for those with population above 1,00,000, the consumption is
150-200 lpcd.

 Out of the 150 to 200 litres per head per day, 45 litres per head per day for flushing
requirements and the remaining quantity for other domestic purposes.

 For the other types of buildings, the water requirement varies between 30 to 340 lpcd.
WATER ENVIRONMENT
 Construction Phase

 The construction phase would involve water requirements for the following activities

 site preparation: Involves levelling for infrastructure development and removal of vegetation.

 Water is required for dust settlement, consolidation, compaction and curing.

 Construction of building infrastructure involves water for construction activities and domestic
and other water requirements for labour and staff onsite.
 Impact Prediction

 Use of large quantities of water in curing

 Use during the operational phase by residence for routine activities

 Mitigation Measures

 Curing water should be sprayed on concrete structures; free flow of water should not be allowed
for curing.

 After liberal curing on the first day, all concrete structures should be painted with curing chemical
to save water. This will stop daily water curing hence save water.
 Concrete structures should be covered with thick cloth/gunny bags and then water should be
sprayed on them. This would avoid water rebound and will ensure sustained and complete
curing.

 Ponds should be made using cement and sand mortar to avoid water flowing away from the
flat surface while curing.

 Water ponding should be done on all sunken slabs, this would also highlight the importance
of having an impervious formwork.
WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
 the requirements related to water supply and drainage systems in building and water usage
may be grouped in the following categories:

 Office buildings used for professional or commercial ends, excluding stores, parking lots,
storehouses, laboratories, public buildings (hospitals, schools) and the like.

 adaptability, functionality and maintainability

 reliability

 costs

 Energy
 selection of products, materials and constructive processes
 site selection and interference of the building with its surroundings
 load on the local infrastructure (rainwater)
 load on the local infrastructure (sewage)
 health, air and water quality
 water conservation
ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCE
CONSUMPTION IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN
INDIA
 Water resource management in building construction and operation, however, has still a long way to
go, especially because the amount of water used per unit area of construction largely remains
undocumented.

 In this backdrop, the present paper seeks to understand and assess the quantity of fresh water used in
contemporary urban multi-storeyed residential buildings and reports a study conducted for a real-life
project in Calcutta (now, Kolkata), India.
 A group of multi-storied residential apartment building of steel and RC construction located in the
southern part of the city of Calcutta in the Eastern Indian state of West Bengal was selected for
studying its embodied water content.

 The total built-up area of the apartments together exceeds three million square feet and was
constructed between the years 2002 and 2008. The site had a total of six bore wells to supply water
for construction

 Since the use of construction water directly varies with the type of construction, a steel and glass
building will have its embodied water-footprint mainly on account of that of its materials while on-
site water use plays a major role in case of a cast-in-situ reinforced cement concrete and brick
building.

 United Nations Environment Program has indicated that over an entire life-cycle, the building
industry consumes a global average of 30% of fresh water and generates 30% of world’s effluents.
METHODOLOGY
 The methodology presented here involves two stages

 The major building materials having the highest stake in the constructed volume such as bricks, cement
and steel were considered in the first stage of assessment

 The second stage had two optional methods-

 the first one involving theoretical calculation of the water requirement for concrete mixes and curing of
brick masonry as well as concrete castings.

 while the other depends on data collection on water consumption directly from site sources to have an
idea on the various indirect and otherwise unrecorded heads for which water is used during construction
like watering for sub-grade stabilization, dust control, water line testing and cleaning, use by onsite
resident construction labours, so on and so forth.
ASSESSMENT OF EMBODIED WATER IN THE
MATERIALS OF THE CASE STUDY
WATER CONSUMPTION FOR 68 MONTHS
DURING CONSTRUCTION.
EMBODIED WATER ATTRIBUTED BY MATERIALS

0.5 Kl/ton to Manual on water supply and treatment

1 Kl/ton

Cement
1 Kl/ton
Steel
Central Pollution Control Board

200-250
Kl/ton
20-30% of clay
amount Industries’
Association
Brick 40
300 Litres/Cum Litres/Kg or
of brick 40 Kl/ton
manufacture
WATER CONSUMPTION DURING ACTUAL
CONSTRUCTION
 Total energy equivalent for water resource use was found to be 972319.44 kWh for these 68
months.

 The construction water was supplied by the six on-site bore wells.

 The capacities of on-site water-pumps, as obtained from site sources, were 7.5 H.P and 10.0 H.P.

 The quantity of water consumed during the process of construction was, thus, calculated based on
the known discharge capacity or the yield of the pumps.

 The running of water-pumps for approximately 12 hrs a day also validated the total number of
pump operation hours obtained from this assessment.
 Assuming uniform rate of pump operation throughout the construction period,

embodied water
The total built-
The water the total Water (WA) per unit
up area of the
consumption Consumption area
building group
for 68 (WC) for the 81 constructed is
being
months months 621020.84 WA = WC /
310173.22 Sq
521350.83 Kl Kl. Built-up area =
m,
2 Kl/ Sq m.
 The embodied water of the major building materials together worked out to be 25.604 Kl/Sq m
while the water consumed during the actual construction was 2 Kl/Sq m.

 Hence, the total embodied water in a typical urban construction in Calcutta, India was found to
be 27.604 Kl/ Sq m of built area, compared to 20 Kl/ Sq m of Gross Floor Area as found by the
research team in Australia.

 The present finding for the Indian building is about 38% higher than buildings in Australia.

 The amount of water needed by nearly 34 families with five members each for one whole year
at 138 litres per capita per day (lpcd).
 CONCLUSION
 The contribution of steel is the highest at about 97.6% and surpasses all other materials like cement
and brick.

 The water consumption during the actual construction process was found to be only 8% of total
embodied water of the materials together.

 The industries have to be more conscious about usage of fresh water and look for ways to bring this
down through reuse and recycling.

 Water mapping in building industry is not only significant to understand the dynamics of water
resource consumption in one of the key sectors of urbanization, but also to select and decide on the
most appropriate strategy to monitor and optimize this quantity for global sustainability and water
management issues.

 This paper presented a study that intended to assess the possible range of water amount locked in the
building fabric as its embodied water.
 YOU
THANK