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n= 117
Questions to ask:
• Is there a difference between the parameter
(2.70) and the statistic (3.00)?
Z= -1.96 Z = +1.96
c c
Z
N
When the Population σ is not known,
use the following formula:
Z
s n 1
Test the Hypotheses
3.0 2.7
Z 4.62
.7
117 1
• We can substitute the sample standard deviation
S for (pop. s.d.) and correct for bias by
substituting N-1 in the denominator.
• Substituting the values into the formula, we
calculate a Z score of 4.62.
Step 5 Make a Decision and Interpret
Results
• The obtained Z score fell in the Critical Region, so we reject
the H0.
– If the H0 were true, a sample outcome of 3.00 would be
unlikely.
– Therefore, the H0 is false and must be rejected.
Z= -1.96 Z = +1.96
c c z= +4.62
I
Summary:
t
S
n 1
Example:
• A random sample of 26 sociology
graduates scored 458 on the GRE
advanced sociology test with a standard
deviation of 20. Is this significantly
different from the population average
(µ = 440)?
Solution
• Step 1: Make Assumptions and Meet Test Requirements:
• 1. Random sample
• 2. Level of measurement is interval-ratio
• 3. The sample is small (<100)
Solution (cont.)
Step 2: State the null and alternate hypotheses.
t= -2.060 t = +2.060
c c t= +4.50
I
Step 5 Make a Decision and Interpret
Results
• The obtained t score fell in the Critical Region, so
we reject the H0 (t (obtained) > t (critical)
– If the H0 were true, a sample outcome of 458
would be unlikely.
– Therefore, the H0 is false and must be rejected.
Ps Pu
Z
Pu (1 Pu ) / n
Example
• In a recent statewide (or provincial)
election, 55% of voters rejected lotteries. A
random sample of 150 urban (or rural
communities) precincts showed that 49%
of voters rejected lotteries. Is the
difference significant?
Solution:
Step 1:
Random sample
The sample is large
Step 2:
H0: Pu = .55 (convert % to proportion)
(Note you can also say H0: Ps = Pu )
H1: Pu ≠ .55 (H1: Ps ≠ Pu
Step 3:
The sample is large, use Z distribution
Alpha (α) = .05
Critical Z = ±1.96
Solution (cont.)
• Step 4
Ps Pu .49 .55
Z 1.48
Pu (1 Pu ) / n .55(1 .55) / 150
• Step 5
• Z (obtained) < Z (critical)
• Fail to reject Ho. There is no significant difference
between the state population and the precincts.
Main Considerations in Hypothesis
Testing:
• Sample size
– Use Z for large samples, t for small (<100)
Two-tailed test:
“is there a significant
difference?”
One-tailed tests:
“is the sample mean
greater than µ or Pu?”