Induction Motors

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 1. Construction
2. Operation
3. Equivalent circuit
4. Losses and efficiency
5. Torque – speed characteristics
6. Approximate equivalent circuit
7. Max power, max torque, max efficiency
criteria
8. Starting
9. Speed control
10. Ratings
11. Single phase induction motors
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 1. Construction

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 Stator

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 Stator
• Made of a stack of highly permeable steel
laminations
-> reduce the eddy current losses

• Identical coils are wound into the slots and

connected to form a balanced 3-phase winding

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Rotor
Two types:
 Squirrel-cage rotor
 Wound rotor

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Squirrel cage rotor
•Widely used in low starting torque
requirements
•Series of conducting bars laid into slots in the rotor
•End rings – to short circuit the bars on both ends

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Wound rotor

• Used in high starting torque requirements

• 3-phase windings are internally connected to

form an internal neutral connection

• Other 3 ends are connected to the slip-rings

• With the brushes riding on the slip-rings, we

can add external resistances in the rotor circuit
- can control the developed torque
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 Disadvantages:
• Expensive
• Less efficient
• Heavier, large in size
• Increased maintenance

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 2. Operation
 Stator winding is connected to a 3-phase power source
 Produces a magnetic field

Synchronous speed of the revolving field is,

f = frequency of the stator current

P = number of poles
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  Induces an emf in the rotor winding
-> induce a current in rotor coils

 Current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field

-> force (torque)
-> Starting torque

 Rotor starts rotating

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 Slip speed and slip
 Two terms used to describe the relative motion
of the rotor and the magnetic filed

 Relative speed of the revolving filed (Slip speed);

Nm = Rotor speed
Ns = Synchronous speed

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  Slip;

If rotor is stationary, slip is 1

If rotor runs at synchronous speed, slip is 0

When the rotor rotates,

frequency of the induced emf is;

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 If the IM is operating at low slip
-> frequency of the induced emf is low
-> Core loss can be ignored

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 3. Equivalent Circuit
 Phase currents must be equal in magnitude and 1200
apart - both in stator and rotor windings

 IM - 3-phase transformer
- with a rotating secondary winding
 Per phase equivalent circuit :

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 Rotor winding current

= Effective resistance

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 By referring to the stator:

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4. Losses and Efficiency
Losses:

1. Copper loss
a) Stator copper loss
b) Rotor copper loss
2. Core loss
3. Rotational loss
a) Friction & windage loss
b) Stray loss
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 5. Torque – Speed Characteristics

 Developed torque is proportional to

 square of the rotor current
 hypothetical rotor resistance
 However those two quantities are inversely
proportional
 Torque increases or decreases depends upon which
parameter plays the dominant role

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  At standstill, s = 1
 As slip deceases, R2/s increases

 As long as ->

Rotor current almost constant

-> Td is proportional to R2/s
-> Td increases with the decrease in the slip
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 When the slip falls below the breakdown slip (Sb)

• Td is proportional to the slip

• Torque decreases with the decrease in slip

• At no load, the slip = 0

-> Rotor current = 0
-> Torque = 0

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 Example 1:
A 6-pole, 230V, 60Hz, Y connected 3-phase induction
motor has the following parameters on a per-phase
basis.

The friction and windage loss is 150W.

Determine the efficiency and the shaft torque of the
motor at its rated slip of 2.5%.

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 6. Approximate Equivalent Circuit

In a well designed 3-phase IM;

• R1 & X1 are small
• Rc & Xm are high

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 7. Max. Power, Torque & Efficiency
1)Max Power Criteria

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 Developed power is a function of the slip

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 2)Max Torque Criteria

Developed torque is a function of the slip

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 • Max torque is independent of R2
• R2 influences only the breakdown slip
(or breakdown speed)

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 Motor develops maximum power at a slip lower than
that at which it develops maximum torque

When stator impedance <<< rotor impedance

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  Approximate equation for developed torque;

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 3) Max Efficiency Criteria

• Taking core loss as a part of the rotational loss

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 • Efficiency is a function of rotor current
• For max efficiency

Stator copper loss + Rotor copper loss = Rotational loss

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 Example 2:
A 8-pole, 208V, 60Hz,Y connected 3-phase induction
motor has negligible stator impedance and a rotor
impedance of 0.02+j0.08Ω per phase at standstill.
1. Determine the breakdown slip and the breakdown
torque.
2. What is the starting torque developed by the motor?
3. If the starting torque has to be 80% of the
maximum torque, determine the external resistance
that must be added in series with the rotor.

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 8. Starting

At starting, s=1
R2/s is very small at starting
High starting current -> affects the operation
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Solutions:

1) Giving low voltage at starting

- Starting torque reducing
- Suitable for low starting torque requirements

2) Increase the rotor resistance

- Starting torque increasing
- Suitable for high starting torque requirements

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Giving low voltage at starting

1) Stator impedance starting

2) Auto transformer starting
3) Star Delta starting

1) Stator impedance starting

- Adding external resistance with the stator
winding

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2)Autotransformer starting
- Can achieve lower starting current than
previous method

3)Star – delta starting

Stator winding
- at starting - star connection
- when running - delta connection

IL (Y) = IL (delta) / 3

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Increase the rotor resistance

High rotor resistance;

- Reduces developed torque at full load
- High rotor copper loss -> reduces efficiency

To overcome;
For wound rotor motor:
Add a high external resistance through slip rings only
at starting
For squirrel cage motor:
1) Double cage rotor 2) Skewing
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 9. Speed Control
1.Frequency control

2.Changing stator poles

3.Rotor resistance control

4.Stator voltage control

5.Injecting an emf in the rotor circuit

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 Frequency Control
 Can obtain a wide variation in speed
 Needs a variable frequency supply

When frequency
increases;

Slip at max. torque

decreases
Starting torque
decreases
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 Changing Stator Poles

 Stator has 2 or more independent windings

 Each winding has different number of poles
-> different speeds
 At any time, only one winding is in operation

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 Rotor Resistance Control
 Add external resistance in the rotor circuits

 Increase rotor copper loss

 Increase operating temperature
 Reduce efficiency

 Can be used only for short periods

 Suitable for wound rotor motors

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 Stator Voltage Control

• For small changes in speed

-> large change in voltage is required
• Difficult to use

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 Injecting an emf in the rotor circuit
(equal to rotor resistance control)

 Used in wound rotor induction motors

 Frequency of the injected emf must be equal to the
rotor frequency

 Changing the phase of the injected voltage is

equivalent to changing the rotor resistance

 Further control by varying the magnitude of the

injected emf
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 10. Ratings
Important ratings present on the nameplate:
 Output power
 Voltage
 Current
 Power factor
 Speed
 NEMA design class
 Starting code

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  NEMA design class
 National Electrical Manufacturers Association
 With different torque speed curves

 NEMA Starting code

 Sets limits on the amount of current the motor can
draw at starting conditions
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 11. Single Phase Induction Motors
 Operates on a single-phase source
 Requires one single phase winding

 Not self-starting
-> must provide some external means to start

 Built in the fractional-horsepower range

 Used in heating, cooling and ventilating systems

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 Types of 1-Phase IMs
Based on the method used to make it self-starting;

1) Split-phase motor

2) Capacitor-start motor

3) Capacitor-start capacitor-run motor

4) Permanent split-capacitor motor

5) Shaded-pole motor
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 To be self-starting,

• Must have at least 2 phase windings

• Must be excited by a 2-phase source

• Currents in the 2 phase windings are 900

electrically out of phase

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 1) Split Phase Motor
• Used in fractional horsepower range
• Employs 2 separate windings
- connected in parallel to a single-phase
source

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 ‘Main winding’
- low resistance and high inductance.
- carry current and establish flux
‘Auxiliary winding’
- high resistance and low inductance
- disconnected from the supply when the
motor attains 75% of its synchronous speed

• Phase difference between the 2 currents may be as

around 600

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 2) Capacitor Start Motor
• Capacitor is included in series with the auxiliary
winding

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 • Capacitor can be chosen such that
- main winding current lags the auxiliary current
by exactly 900

• Auxiliary winding & capacitor

- disconnected from the supply when the motor
attains 75% of its synchronous speed

• At rated speed
- operates just like a split-phase motor
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 3) Capacitor Start – Capacitor Run Motor
• Above two methods have low power factor at the
rated speed

• Lower power factor

- high power input for same output power
- efficiency is low

• To improve efficiency
- another capacitor can be used at the rated speed

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 Two-value capacitor motor
Start capacitor
– for starting torque requirements
Run capacitor
– for running performance
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 • Auxiliary winding stays in circuit at all times

• Centrifugal switch
- switching from start capacitor to run capacitor
- at about 75% of the synchronous speed

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 4) Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
• Same capacitor is used for starting and running
• No centrifugal switch is needed

• Capacitor is selected to have high efficiency at rated

load
- not properly matched for the starting
- starting torque is lower

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 • Suitable for low starting torque applications

• Used in applications that require frequent starts

(other types tend to overheat when started
frequently)
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 5) Shaded Pole Motor
• Auxiliary winding is in the form of a copper ring
(around the salient poles)
• Simple construction -> least expensive

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 • Efficiency is low compared with other types

• Develop low starting torque

• Built to satisfy the load requirements up to 1/3

horsepower
- where low efficiency is of no interest

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 Comparison between 5 types
Can be ranked from best to worst

1.Capacitor start – capacitor run motor

2.Capacitor start motor
3.Permanent split capacitor motor
4.Split phase motor
5.Shaded pole motor

• Best one is more expensive

• All techniques are not available for all size ranges
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