 refers to a population of people that is

organized in a cooperative manner to carry

out the major functions of life, including
reproduction, sustenance, shelter, and
defense (Kornblum, 2000)

 refers to the relationship between dwellers

of the society
 refers to the learning
patterns of behavior that
people create through
their interactions, their
exchange of informations
and their relationships
(Mark, 1998 in Kornblum,
2000)

 refers as the way in which

a society is organized
 MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS:
1. Status
- is a socially defined position in society
characterized by certain expectations,
rights and duties (Kendall, 2003)

- a person’s status determines how he or

she should relate to other people
 CATEGORIES OF STATUSES:
a. Ascribed Status
- assigned to a person by society without
regard for the person’s unique talents and
characteristics (Schaefer, 2005)

- is one that you are usually born into and

can be very hard to change
 CATEGORIES OF STATUSES:
b. Achieved Status
- comes to us largely through our own
efforts (Schaefer, 2005)

- earned by hard work and diligence

 CATEGORIES OF STATUSES:
c. Master Status
- a social position that is exceptionally
powerful in determining an individuals
identity

- earned by hard work and diligence

 MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS:
2. Roles
- consists of the norms that specify the
behavior required of an individual
occupying that position

Role set – cluster of related distinct roles

(Merton, 1968 in Lindsey and Beach, 2002)
 MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS:
3. Groups
- is any collection of people who interact on
the basis of shared expectations regarding
one another’s behavior (Kornblum, 2000)

Aggregate – share the same physical space

Category – statistic
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GROUPS:
a. Primary Groups
- are comprised of the people who are most
important to a person, and have ongoing
“face-to-face” interactions which contribute
to a strong sense of belonging and
attachment
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GROUPS:
b. Secondary Groups
- are larger, less intimate groups which are
usually formed around a specific activity or
formed in order to accomplish a specific
task
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF GROUPS:
c. Reference Groups
- composed of people we look to in order
to evaluate our own behavior

Two functions:
Normative – providing guidance
Comparative – can assess ourselves in
relation to others
 MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENTS:
4. Institutions
Social institution – a set of widely shared
beliefs, norms, or procedures necessary for
meeting the basic needs of society
 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

• FIVE MAJOR TASKS FOR SOCIETIES TO SURVIVE:

I. Replacing personnel – any group or

society must replace personnel when they
die, leave, or become incapacitated
 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

II. Teaching new recruits – the groups or

society must also encourage recruits to
learn and accept its values and customs
 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

III. Producing and distributing goods and

services – society must distribute desired
goods and services to its members
 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:

IV. Preserving order – protecting itself from

attack of most develop society

V. Providing and maintaining a sense of

purpose
 10,000 yrs 5,000 Indus- Postin-
10,000 yrs ago ago new
technology yrs ago trial dustrial
 1. Hunting and Gathering Societies

A hunter-gatherer is a human living in a

society in which most or all food is obtained
by foraging. Hunter-gatherer societies stand
in contrast to agricultural societies, which rely
mainly on domesticated species.
 2. Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

Horticultural and pastoral societies are larger

than hunting-and-gathering societies. Horticultural
societies grow crops with simple tools, while pastoral
societies raise livestock
 3. Agrarian Societies

Any community whose economy is

based on producing and maintaining crops
and farmland. Another way to define an
agrarian society is by seeing how much of a
nation's total production is in agriculture.
 4. Industrial Societies

A society driven by the use of

technology to enable mass production,
supporting a large population with a high
capacity for division of labor.
 Is the stage of society's development
when the service sector generates more
wealth than the manufacturing sector of
the economy.