O2 transport is Bohring

Hb-O2 saturation, PO2,

O2 content, hypoxia
Total oxygen delivered to tissues
ml O2/min

= oxygen Content x Cardiac Output

ml O2/ml blood X ml/min

Arterial blood O2 content

CaO2~ 20ml O2/100ml

x 5000ml/min CO = 1_ _ _ ml O2/min
Figure 13-22

‘Physiologic shunt’

Changes in the concentration of dissolved gases are indicated as the blood

circulates in the body. Oxygen is converted to water in cells; cells release
carbon dioxide as a byproduct of fuel catabolism.
Figure 13-21

In the lungs, the concentration gradients favor the inward

(toward the blood) diffusion of oxygen and the outward (toward
the alveolar air) diffusion of carbon dioxide; owing to the
metabolic activities of cells, these gradients are reversed
at the interface of the blood and the active cells.
Partial pressure of Oxygen determines the
Hb-O2 saturation in arterial and venous blood

Partial pressure of oxygen only refer to the

dissolved oxygen in plasma

Oxygen bound to Hb does not

contribute to PO2
Figure 13-28

Adding hemoglobin to compartment B substantially increases

the total amount of oxygen in that compartment, since the
bound oxygen is no longer part of the diffusional equilibrium.
Figure 13-27

As the concentration of oxygen increases, the percentage of

hemoglobin saturated with bound oxygen increases until all
of the oxygen-binding sites are occupied (100% saturation).
Note that venous blood is typically 75% saturated with oxygen.
 Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Chapter 13 The Respiratory

System
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole,
P50 index
Partial pressure of oxygen needed to achieve
50% saturation of Hb

Normal P50 27 mmHg

If P50 30 mmHg, higher P02 needed…
So affinity of Hb for oxygen is _ _ _ _

How will the Hb- - - O2 curve shifts?

 Arterial Venous

P#O2 97 40

Hb-O2 97 75

C#O2 20 ml % 15ml%

Tissue extraction 5 ml/100ml

x Cardiac output 5000 ml/min = 250ml/min
Figure 13-30

Chemical and thermal factors that

alter hemoglobin’s affinity to bind
oxygen alter the ease of “loading”
and “unloading” this gas in the
lungs and near the active cells.
Exercising Muscle is

_ ar_, a_i_ic, higher P _ _ _

oC pH

Exercising local environ ?? ?? ??

favours ‘unloading’ of O2
decreases the Hb---O2 affinity

Bo2hr effect (pH, P )increases the P50 Hb-O2 index

 Gas Transport
Hemoglobin promotes the net transfer of oxygen at both the alveolar and tissue levels.

• There is a net diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood. This
occurs continuously until hemoglobin is as saturated as possible
(97.5% at 100 mm of Hg).
• At the tissue cells hemoglobin rapidly delivers oxygen into the blood
plasma and on to the tissue cells. Various factors promote this
unloading.
• An increase in carbon dioxide from the tissue cells into the systemic
capillaries increased hemoglobin dissociation from oxygen (shifts the
dissociation curve to the right).
• Increased acidity has the same effect.
• This shift of the curve to the right (more dissociation) is called the Bohr
effect.
• Higher temperatures also produces this shift, as does the production of
BPG.
• Hemoglobin has more affinity for carbon monoxide compared to
oxygen.

Chapter 13 The Respiratory

System
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole,
Christian Harald Lauritz Peter Emil Bohr
1855-1911
 Abnormalities in Oxygen Supply to Cells

Hypoxia
• Condition of having insufficient O2 at the cell level
• Categories
– Hypoxic hypoxia decr PO2
– Anemic hypoxia decr Hb bound PO2 ?
– Circulatory hypoxia decr CO PO2 CaO2 ?
– Histotoxic hypoxia x cell uptake

Hyperoxia
• condition of having an above-normal arterial PO2
• Can only occur when breathing supplemental O2
• Can be dangerous

Chapter 13 The Respiratory

System
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole,
•

Chapter 13 The Respiratory

System
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole,
Figure 13-22

‘Physiologic shunt’

Changes in the concentration of dissolved gases are indicated as the blood

circulates in the body. Oxygen is converted to water in cells; cells release
carbon dioxide as a byproduct of fuel catabolism.
Figure 13-21

In the lungs, the concentration gradients favor the inward

(toward the blood) diffusion of oxygen and the outward (toward
the alveolar air) diffusion of carbon dioxide; owing to the
metabolic activities of cells, these gradients are reversed
at the interface of the blood and the active cells.
 Gas Transport
Most carbon dioxide (about 60%) is transported as the Bicarbonate Ion.

• Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid.

– The enzyme carbonic anhydrase facilitates this in the erythrocyte.
– Carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and the bicarbonate ion.
• 2-step, reversible process is favored at the tissue cells.
– The reverse of this process (bicarbonate ions forming free molecules of
carbon dioxide) occurs in the lungs.
• 30% of the carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin in the blood. This is
another means of transport.
• About 10% of the transported carbon dioxide is dissolved in the plasma.
• By the chloride shift, the plasma membrane of the erythrocyte passively
facilitates the diffusion of bicarbonate ions (out of the red cell) and chloride
ions.
• By the Haldane effect the removal of oxygen from hemoglobin at the tissue
cells increases the ability of hemoglobin to bind with carbon dioxide.
Chapter 13 The Respiratory
System
Human Physiology by Lauralee
Sherwood ©2010 Brooks/Cole,
At the tissues,
Deoxygenated Hb has a greater affinity for
Both carbon dioxide
and hydrogen ion Hb buffer

The carbon dioxide content of blood is

affected by the partial pressure of oxygen, PO2
Haldane

Bohr; the oxygen content of blood (Hb-O2) is affected

by the partial pressure of CO2, PCO2 (pH)
 oxyHb

deoxyHb

C@
Hamburger
effect
John Scott Haldane
1860-1936