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Shane Plunkett
plunkes@tcd.ie
Acids and Bases
• Three Theories
• pH and pOH
• Titrations and Buffers
Recommended reading
• M.S. Silberberg, Chemistry, The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
Acids and Bases
• Dealing with ions
• Arrhenius theory – an acid which contains hydrogen and can
dissociate in water to produce positive hydrogen ions
e.g. HX +H2O ↔ H+ (H3O+) + X-
– A base reacts with a protonic acid to give water (and a salt)
e.g. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
• BrØnsted-Lowry Theory – acids are proton donors; bases are proton
acceptors
e.g. HCN + H2O ↔ H3O+ + CN-
HCN is an acid, in that it donates a proton to water. Water is acting as a
base, as it accepts that proton
• Lewis Theory – an acid accepts a pair of electrons; a base donates a
pair of electrons
e.g. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
pH 7 pH 7 pH 7
1 1 1
Vol of acid added to base Vol of acid added to base Vol of acid added to base
= 4.9 × 10-10
[0.14-x] 0.14-x
Solve for x
x = 8.25×10-6 [H3O+] = 8.25×10-6
pH = -log [H3O+] pH = -log (8.25×10-6) pH = 5.08
Question
The pH of 0.1M CH3COOH is 2.87. What is the value of the acid
dissociation constant, Ka?
pH = -log [H3O+] = 2.87 [H3O+] = 1.35×10-3
Ka = [H3O+][CH3COO-]
[CH3COOH]
pH of solution = 9.60
pH + pOH = 14 pOH = 14 – 9.60 = 4.4
pOH = -log [OH-] = 4.4
[OH-] = 3.98 × 10-5
1 litre of buffer contains 0.3 moles of sodium acetate and 0.3 moles of
acetic acid. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. The acetic acid will
react with the base added to try to maintain the pH. What the acid
loses in concentration, the salt (sodium acetate) will gain.
CH3COOH + OH- CH3COO- + H2O