II

Acid-base equilibrium and its

MODULE 6 – Group 6
application to the ph of
solutions and use of buffer
solutions.
11
Most Essential Learning Competency:

- Define Bronsted acids and bases. (STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-153)

- Discuss the acid-base property of water (STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-154)
- Calculate ph from the concentration of hydrogen ion or hydroxide ions in
aqueous solutions(STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-156)
- Describe how a buffer solution maintain its ph(STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-160)
- Calculate the ph of a buffer solution using the Henderson Hasselbalch
equation(STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-161)
To the Learners
How to use this module?
Before starting this module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while learning the lessons. Read the
instructions below to achieve the objectives of this kit.
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this modul
2. Take down important notes about the lessons. Writing enhances learning and improves your retention.
3. Perform all the provided activities in this module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the facilitator’s guide.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy learning!

Expectations
You will be using the acid-base equilibrium for you to able to how to apply it to the ph of solutions including the buffer solution.

Specifically, this module will help you:

- classify the Bronsted acids and bases
- learn how to calculate ph from the concentration of hydrogen ion or hydroxide ions.
- discuss calculating the ph of a buffer solution using the Henderson Hasselbalch equation.
 Pre-Test
Read each question below carefully. Write the letter of your best answer on the space provided before the number.
Directions:
Read each question below carefully. Write the letter of your best answer on the space provided before the number.
1. Which of the following describes the best for acids?
a. a pure substance that donates electrons to another compound.
b. a toxic substance that could harm living organisms.
c. . a chemical substance that receives a proton from another compound.
d. a chemical substance that donates proton to another compound.

2. Which of the following is not an example of strong acid?

a. chloric acid
b. nitrous acid
c. nitric acid
d. sulfuric acid

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a buffer?

a. Ph value change on keeping a long time.
b. has a definite pH value
c. Buffer is a base
d. Its pH value doesn’t change on dilution.
 Test(Continuati
on)

4. What are the products of acid-base reactions?

a. deconjugated acid and deconjugated base
b. conjugated acid and conjugated base
c. binary acid and conjugated base
d. carboxylic acid and conjugated base

5. A buffer solution comprises of which of the following?

a. a weak acid in solution
b. a strong acid in solution
c. a weak base in solution
d. a weal acid and its conjugate base in solution.
Lesson 1: Bronsted acids and
bases.
A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a chemical that transfers a proton or an H+ ion to another
compound, resulting in the formation of a conjugated base. This is reinforced by the
definition of an acid, which is a solution that has an excess of hydrogen ions (H+). In short,
a Brønsted-Lowry acid donates proton and known as a proton donor (PD).

A Bronsted-Lowry base is a chemical that receives a proton or an H+ ion from another

compound and creates conjugated acid. In short, a Brønsted-Lowry base is a solution that
accepts protons and known as a proton acceptor (PA).

A conjugate acid is the substance that is produced after the base accepts the proton. When
this occurs, its charge increases by +1. A conjugate base, on the other hand, is produced
after the acid donates its proton. When this occurs, its charge decreases by +1. A conjugate
acid-base pair is a set of two substances, where one substance differs from the other
substance by one proton or hydrogen atom. In this reaction, the conjugate acid base pairs
are: HA/A- and B/HB+.
 +
H A + B A- + H B

Acid Base Conjugate baseConjugate acid

The hydrogen ion is given up or donated by HA, and it is accepted by the
Bronsted-Lowry base, B. As a result, when the hydrogen ion connects to
the base, the base gets a positive charge, as shown by the positive charge
on the products side, HB+. On the products side, you can also observe that
after losing the hydrogen ion, A- is left alone and has a negative charge
because it gave its hydrogen ion.
Example:

- H +

H Cl + O Cl +
O
H H H H
In this example, we have hydrochloric acid and an oxygen bonded to two hydrogens. We would
want to donate the hydrogen and it will be received by the water molecule but we will not let the
hydrogen keep its electrons and both of the electrons will stay on the chlorine. One lone pair
from the oxygen could form a covalent bond with the hydrogen that’s why the water molecule
just gained a proton and will have a positive charge. . The hydrochloride became chloride anion
and has a negative charge. The hydrogen formed covalent bond
Activity 1
Illustrate the process of donating and receiving of proton of the previous example in a molecular formula. Use the space provided below.
Lesson 2: Acid-base property
of water
Water is capable of acting as either an acid or a base and can undergo autoionization.
Autoionization(self-ionization) of water implies that water can react with itself since acids
and bases react with each other. In which a water molecule, H2O, loses the nucleus of one
of its hydrogen atoms to become a hydroxide ion, OH−. In short, water molecules exchange
protons with one another to a very limited extent in order to perform the autoionization of
water.

This is the equation of the autoionization of water:

H2O+H2O
base acid
⇌conjugate
H3O^+ acid
+conjugate
OH^- base

The base takes an H+ ion from the acid but its electrons will remain on the oxygen of the
acid. Adding an H+ to H2O gives the hydronium ion H3O+ and taking away and H+ from
H20 of the acid gives the hydroxide ion OH-.
Activity 2
Directions: Illustrate equation of the autoionization of water in a structural formula.
 Lesson 3: Calculate pH from the
concentration of hydrogen ion or hydroxide
ions in aqueous solutions
The pH of a solution describes its acidity and is  the negative logarithm (log) of its hydrogen
ion concentration. The term pH is used because the hydrogen ion concentration in solutions
of weak acids and in many other fluids is frequently much less than 1. Therefore, when the
concentration is expressed exponentially, it contains a negative exponent.

To calculate the pH of an aqueous solution you need to know the concentration of the
hydronium ion in moles per liter (molarity). 

Example:

Formula:
Solution:
Activity 3
Calculate the ph of the given:
1.   and give its solution.
Lesson 4: How does buffer solution
maintain its pH?
A buffer is an aqueous solution that can resist significant changes in pH levels upon the
addition of small amount of acid or alkali. Each buffer is characterized by a set 'capacity'
which is defined as the quantity of strong acid or base that must be added to change the pH
of one liter of solution by one pH unit. It works by neutralizing any added acid (H+ ions)
or base (OH- ions) to maintain the moderate pH, making them a weaker acid or base. ...
The further addition of an acid or base to the buffer will change its pH quickly.

How does a buffer prevent pH from changing?

Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH, upon addition of small amounts of acid or
base. The can do this because they contain an acidic component, HA, to neutralize
OH- ions, and a basic component, A-, to neutralize H+ ions.

What do you mean by pH?

pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 14, with 7 being
neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base.
pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the
water.
Activity 4

Matching type: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the box. Answers may be repeated.

1. Ph less than 7
2. Ph greater than 7
3. Resist significant change
a. acid
4. It is a substance that can accept protons. b. Buffer
5. substance that donates protons c. base
6. can be an aqueous solution
7. chemical opposites of acids
8. works by neutralizing any added acid
9. prevents pH from changing
10. contain acidic component
Lesson 5: Calculate the ph of a buffer solution using the Henderson Hasselbalch
equation
In chemistry and biochemistry, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be used to
estimate the pH of a buffer solution. The numerical value of the acid dissociation
constant, Ka, of the acid is known or assumed. The pH is calculated for given values
of the concentrations of the acid, HA and of a salt, MA, of its conjugate base, A–; for
example, the solution may contain acetic acid and sodium acetate
the formula is pH = pKₐ + log([A⁻]/[HA])

Example:
Given:
CH₃COOH
CH₃COOˉ

Solution:
pH= pKₐ + log [Aˉ]
[HA]
Kₐ=1.8x10 -5

pKₐ= -logKₐ [CH3COOH]=[CH3COOˉ]

pKₐ= -log(1.8x10 ) = 4.74
-5
Activity 5

1. What is the formula of the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation?

2. Equation can be used to estimate the pH of a buffer solution.

Solve the problem using the formula.

3-4. A buffered solution contains 0.50M acetic acid (HC2H3O2,K=1.8 x 10^-5) and 0.50M
sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2). Calculate the pH of this solution.

5. What are the major species inside this solution?

Check Your Understanding
Directions: Describe the following terms.

1. Bronsted acids and bases

2. Acid-base property
3. Aqueous solution
4. Henderson Hasselbalch equation
5. Buffer solution
Evaluation
I. Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following describes the best for acids?
a. a pure substance that donates electrons to another compound.
b. a toxic substance that could harm living organisms.
c. . a chemical substance that receives a proton from another compound.
d. a chemical substance that donates proton to another compound.

2. Which of the following is not an example of strong acid?

a. chloric acid
b. nitrous acid
c. nitric acid
d. sulfuric acid

3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a buffer?

a. Ph value change on keeping a long time.
b. has a definite pH value
c. Buffer is a base
d. Its pH value doesn’t change on dilution.
Evaluation
4. What are the products of acid-base reactions?
a. deconjugated acid and deconjugated base
b. conjugated acid and conjugated base
c. binary acid and conjugated base
d. carboxylic acid and conjugated base

5. A buffer solution comprises of which of the following?

a. a weak acid in solution
b. a strong acid in solution
c. a weak base in solution
d. a weal acid and its conjugate base in solution.

II. Identification

1. It is capable of acting as either an acid or a base and can undergo autoionization.

2. It is produced after the acid donates its proton.
3. It works by neutralizing any added acid (H+ ions) or base (OH- ions).
4. It is a measure of how acidic/basic water is.
5. It is a substance that accept protons.
 Answer Key
I. 1.Pre
D test
2. B
3. A
4. B
5. D
 
II.Activity 1

III.Activity 2
H + -

O + O O
O +

H HH H H HH
 Answer Key
IV. Activity III VI. Activity V VIII. Evaluation
I. Multiple choice II. Identification
 1. pH = pKₐ + log([A⁻]/[HA]).

𝐻=− 𝑙𝑜𝑔¿
1. D 1. Water
2. Henderson Hasselbalch equation 2. B 2. Conjugate base
1.   3-4. -log1.8 x 10^-5 = 4.74 3. A 3. buffer
5. 4. B 4. ph
5. D 5. base
V.Activity IVVII. Check your understanding
1. A 1. Reaction theory which was proposed independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas
2. C Martin Lowry in 1923.
3. B 2. An acid is a substance that ionizes in aqueous solutions to form hydrogen ions while a base is a
4. C substance that accepts hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions, producing hydroxide ions.
5. A 3. An aqueous solution is one in which the solvent is liquid water.
6. B 4. An equation can be used to estimate the pH of a buffer solution.
7. C 5. A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution
8. B consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice vers a.
9. B
10. B
 Members and their
contributions
Molina, Juliana A. (Leader)
Contributions:
- did two objectives(objective 1 and 2) and
provided example for each objective.
- did the whole powerpoint
- assigned the topics for members.
- provided two activities(activity 1 and activity 2)
and its answer key, has contribution in making the
pre-test, and did the 5 point identification for
evaluation
-organized the answer key
Odo, Jirou (member)
Contributions:
- did one objective(objective 4)
- provided one activity(activity 4) and its answer
key, has contribution in making the pretest and
did the 5 point multiple choice for evaluation.
Pastor, Johnrey Aaren (member)
Contributions:
- did one objective(objective 5) and provided an
example.
- provided one activity (activity 5) and its answer
key and did the ”check your understanding”.
Murilla, Mary Robelle(member)
Contributions:
- did one objective(objective 3) and provided an
example.
- provided one activity (activity 3) and its answer
key.