NEED FOR WING

MODIFICATION
 Reduced Fuel Burn
 By reducing drag, wingtip devices help the aircraft operate more efficiently
and, in turn, reduce fuel burn. The fuel savings benefits of wingtip
modifications depend on the mission flight profile, particularly the range and
time spent at cruise speed

 Improved Takeoff Performance

 The reduced drag associated with wingtip modifications reduces the thrust
levels required for takeoff (reducing community noise at the same time) and
enables faster second-segment climb. This increased climb rate allows the
use of airports having shorter runways and allows for operations from
airports located at higher altitudes and in hotter climates. Alternatively, these
advantages may be traded for carrying higher payloads or a combination of
both.
 How do wings make lift?
The wings are the key to making something fly—but how do they work?
Most airplane wings have a curved upper surface and a flatter lower
surface, making a cross-sectional shape called an airfoil

As air flows over the curved upper surface, its natural

inclination is to move in a straight line, but the curve of the
wing pulls it around and back down. For this reason, the air is
effectively stretched out into a bigger volume—the same
number of air molecules forced to occupy more space—and
this is what lowers its pressure. For exactly the opposite
reason, the pressure of the air under the wing increases: the
advancing wing squashes the air molecules in front of it into a
smaller space. The difference in air pressure between the
upper and lower surfaces causes a big difference in air speed
(not the other way around, as in the traditional theory of a
wing). The difference in speed (observed in actual wind tunnel
experiments) is much bigger than you'd predict from the simple
(equal transit) theory. So if our two air molecules separate at
the front, the one going over the top arrives at the tail end of
the wing much faster than the one going under the bottom. No
matter when they arrive, both of those molecules will be
speeding downward—and this helps to produce lift in a second
important way.
TYPES OF WINGS
 FUNCTIONS OF WINGS
1.) Wings help an aircraft to fly:- The wings provide the necessary lift force to get it lifted in the
air. The bigger the wing area, the greater the lift produced by it. If the lift is more than the aircraft's
weight, it will climb. If lift is less than weight, the aircraft will descent. If lift is equal to weight, the
altitude of the aircraft remains .

2.) Provides a storage for Aviation fuel:- The wings of an aircraft carry about 60–90% of the
total fuel of the aircraft. This makes the main body of the aircraft lighter.
Storing the fuel in the wings, help to reduce the Wing load factor.
Due to the lift, the wing tends to bend upwards. This creates stress on the wing. Storing fuel in the
wings, makes the wing heavier and helps to reduce the Wing load factor.

3. ) The wings are a place for the aircraft's Main Powerplant:- The
wings hold the aircraft's engines. This is common for most
commercial aircrafts. The engines are placed under the wing to
reduce the Wing Load Factor. Some aircrafts don't have engines
on the wings, instead, they have their engines at the end of the
aircraft's body.
 WING STRUCTURE
Most wing structures have two spars, the front spar and the rear
spar. The front spar is found near the leading edge while the rear
spar is about two-thirds the distance to the trailing edge.
Depending on the design of the flight loads, some of the all-metal
wings have as many as five spars. In addition to the main spars,
there is a short structural member which is called an aileron spar.
The ribs are the parts of a wing which support the covering and
provide the airfoil shape. These ribs are called forming ribs. and
their primary purpose is to provide shape. Some may have an
additional purpose of bearing flight stress, and these are called
compression ribs.
 MATERIALS USED
The metals used in the aircraft manufacturing industry include steel, aluminium, titanium
and their alloys. Aluminium alloys are characterised by having lower density values
compared to steel alloys (around one third), with good corrosion resistance properties.

In addition to metals, composite materials are also used within the aircraft industry due
to their strength, relatively low weight and corrosion resistance. Composites are created
by the combination of different materials, which have been selected on the basis of their
structural properties.
 CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED
WITH WINGTIP MODIFICATIONS
 Cost
 Added Weight
 Added Span and Height