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A. Basic Principles in Building Conveying Systems
A. Basic Principles in Building Conveying Systems
IN BUILDING
CONVEYING
SYSTEMS
.
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN BUILDING
CONVEYING SYSTEMS
Building conveying systems mechanically move occupants
and goods. In most buildings, these systems include
passenger and freight elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators,
moving ramps and walkways, and lifts for people and
wheelchairs. Business and industrial operations may require
specially designed material handling equipment (i. e.,
conveyors, chutes, and pneumatic tube systems),hoists,
cranes, and scaffolding. Facilities on large sites may have
monorails and other types of people movers.
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN BUILDING
CONVEYING SYSTEMS
Manually operated elevators were first used for lifting freight in
warehouses and manufacturing plants as early as the 1600s. They began
as simple rope or chain hoists that moved an open platform. In
1852,Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall
of the elevator cab if the cable broke. Otis’s safety device consisted of a
knurled roller located below the elevator platform and a governor
device that monitored descending speed. The safety device locked when
the elevator descended at a higher than normal speed. It was this safety
feature that made the elevator a safe conveying system for building
occupants, which then made skyscrapers achievable.
1. ELEVATORS
Elevator Technologies
Basic Components of an Elevator System
Classifications of Elevators
Elevator Design Criteria
ELEVATOR
TECHNOLOGIES
An elevator is a conveying
device used to move people
or freight vertically, usually
between floors of a building.
PHOTO BELOW SHOWS AN ELEVATOR
CAR WITH HOIST WAY DOORS OPEN.
hydraulic
traction
TYPE AND DESIGN SPEEDS FOR
ELEVATORS ARE COMPARED IN TABLE
BELOW.
HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
Hydraulic elevators use a
fluid-driven hydraulic jack
to lift the elevator car.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC
ELEVATOR SYSTEM ARE SHOWN IN
FIGURE BELOW.
.
HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
It consists of a hydraulic jack (cylinder and plunger); a pump, powered
by an electric motor, that increases the pressure in the hydraulic fluid; a
control valve between the cylinder and reservoir controls the pressure
in the jack; and a fluid reservoir (tank). It operates when the pump
draws oil from the reservoir, pressurizes it, pushing the oil through the
oil line to the jack, and driving the elevator car upward. A release of fluid
through the control valve and back to the reservoir decreases oil
pressure, which allows the plunger and connected elevator car to move
downward.
PHOTO BELOW SHOWS SOME OF THE
COMPONENTS OF A HYDRAULIC
ELEVATOR.
.
VARIATIONS OF BASIC
TYPES OF ELEVATORS.
•
AN UPPER LANDING OF AN ESCALATOR.
NOTE HOW THE STAIRS FOLD IN AT THE
TOP OF THE ESCALATOR.
.
AN EMERGENCY STOP
SWITCH ON AN ESCALATOR.
.
3. WALKWAYS AND RAMPS
pallet type
moving belt.
PALLET-TYPE WALKWAY
MOVING BELT WALKWAY
The pallet-type walkway is a continuous series of flat
metal plates, called pallets, that are joined together
to form a walkway. Usually there is a metal or
rubber surface (extra traction).
Moving belt walkway systems are comprised of a
mesh metal or rubber belt with a rubber walking
surface that move over metal rollers.
4. OTHER SYSTEMS
Lifts
wheelchair lift
Platform lifts
stair lift
car lift
WHEELCHAIR LIFT
A wheelchair lift is a powered device designed to
raise a wheelchair or scooter and its occupant to
overcome a step or similar vertical barrier, usually 6
ft (1.8 m) or less. They often are designed to
accommodate just one person in a wheelchair or
scooter at a time. Commercial lifts are designed to
raise a wheelchair or scooter and its occupant up to
one story (about 12 ft>4 m).
A WHEELCHAIR LIFT IN A
RESIDENTIAL GARAGE.
.
PLATFORM LIFTS
Platform lifts supply
access to decks,
porches, stages, and
elevated surfaces.
STAIR LIFT
A stair lift will carry a user safely
up stairs. To use a stair lift, the user
sits on the lift’s seat; the seat will
then transfer the user up or
downstairs via a staircase-
mounted track.
CAR LIFT
A car lift is installed in small parking garages where ramps are
not feasible. The platforms are raised and lowered hydraulically
and are connected to steel chain gears. In addition to the
vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its vertical axis
(up to 180°) to ease driver access and/or accommodate
building plans. In selecting lift equipment, the building designer
typically relies on specifications available from equipment
suppliers.
PEOPLE MOVERS
An automated people mover (APM) is a fully automated,
grade-separated mass transit system. An APM system typically
serves relatively small facilities such as airports, downtown
districts, or theme parks, but is sometimes applied to
considerably more complex automated systems. It may use
technologies such as monorail, duorail, automated guideway
transit, or magnetically levitating (maglev) method. Propulsion
may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear
motors, or cable traction. APMs are common at large airports
in the United States.
MATERIAL-HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
Material-handling equipment is a mechanical device used to
move and store materials and goods. This equipment consists
of trolleys, conveyors, forklifts, automated storage/retrieval
systems, cargo and baggage handlers, carousels, rail-guided
vehicles, automated guided vehicles, intelligent flexible
modular conveyors, pick-and-place units, and overhead hoists
and cranes. In selecting material-handling equipment, the
building designer typically relies on specifications available
from equipment suppliers.
THE CONVEYOR BELT OF AN AUTOMATIC
BOOK-SORTING SYSTEM AT A PUBLIC
LIBRARY.
.
PATERNOSTER
A paternoster is a special type of elevator consisting
of a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar
concept moves only a small platform, which the
rider mounts while using a handhold and was once
seen in multistory industrial plants. Passengers can
step on or off at any floor they like. Today, the
installation of new paternosters is no longer allowed
because of to their inherent danger.
STUDY QUESTIONS
GOOD LUCK