MICROBIAL

NUTRIENTS
Presented By:- Ushmita Thakur
M.Sc. Biotechnology
 INTRODUCTION

• Nutrients are substance in the environment used by organisms for

catabolism and anabolism.
NUTRIENTS

Macro elements
Micro elements
-carbohydrate
-vitamins
-fats
-minerals
-proteins
 MICROBIAL GROWTH
CONDITIONS:-
1. Macronutrients
2. Micronutrients
3. Growth factors

Macronutrients
• “Macro” indicates large and
macronutrients are nutrients required in
large amounts including:-
• Components of carbohydrates ,lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids.)potassium,
calcium, magnesium and iron (cations
and part of enzymes and cofactors)
DEFINITION:-
Micronutrients
• “Micro” indicates small and
micronutrients are nutrients required in
small amounts
• Such as iron, copper, molybdenum and
zinc these are referred to as trace
elements.
• Most are essential for activity of certain
enzymes usually as cofactors.
 BODY FUNCTION:-
Macronutrients Micronutrients
• Synthesis of enzymes, hormones and
• Provide calories or energy- fat has an energy
other substance essential for proper
content of 9 kcal/g and proteins and
growth and development.
carbohydrates 4 kcal/g.
• Vitamin A-maintain vision cycle
• Muscle development
• Iodine:- synthesis of thyroid hormones
• Build and repair tissues
• Folic acid:-neural tube development
• Carbohydrates serve for the storage of energy.
• Prevent non communicable diseases
• Structural components.
• Act as coenzymes or cofactors for
• Carbohydrates are important component of
various enzymes.
coenzymes and the backbone of the genetic
molecule known as DNA and RNA. • Haemoglobin synthesis.
• Fat serve for the storage of vitamins
• Promoting healthy cell function.
 NUTRIENTS RICH FOOD:-
Macronutrients Micronutrients
• Cereals, legumes, meat, fish, • Mainly vegetables fruits milk green
potatoes, nuts, oil seeds are rich in leafy vegetables fermented food
macronutrients. germinated food are rich in
micronutrients.
 DAILY RECOMMENDED
REQUIREMENTS:-
Micronutrients
Macronutrients • Vitamin A -700microgm
• 55-75% of total energy from • Vitamin E-15mg
carbohydrates.
• Vitamin C-75mg
• 15-20% total energy from protein or
1g/kg body weight per day – protein. • Vitamin B12-2.4mg
• 20-35% of total energy from total fat. • Pyridoxine -3mg
• 20% of total energy from • Thiamine -1mg
monounsaturated fats • Riboflavin- 1.1mg
• 10% of total energy from • Niacin-14mg
polyunsaturated fats • Folate-400mg
• 7%of total energy from saturated fats • Iron-18mg
• Calcium-1000mg
DEFICIENCY DISEASES:-
Macronutrients
• Deficiency of macronutrients can
cause protein- energy malnutrition.
kwashiorkor, marasmus.
Micronutrients
• Deficiency of micronutrients can
cause:-
• Vitamin A deficiency:-night
blindness
• Iron deficiency:- anaemia
• Iodine deficiency:- goitre
• Thiamine deficiency:- Beri Beri
• Riboflavin deficiency:-skin
disorder
• Vitamin C deficiency:- scurvy
 GROWTH FACTORS:-
Organic compounds that are required for growth because they can not be
synthesized by a particular organism and part of essential cell components.

1. Amino acid
2. Purines and pyrimidines
3. Vitamins
NUTRITIONAL CLASSIFICATION-BASED ON HOW
MICRO ORGANISM SATISFY CARBON, ENERGY
AND ELECTRON
NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS
 PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
• Light energy
• Carbon dioxide as their carbon sources.
• Algae and cyanobacteria employ water as the electron donor and release
oxygen.
• purple and green sulphur extract electrons from inorganic donors like
hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide and elemental sulfur.
 CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
• Organic compounds as sources of energy, hydrogen, electrons and
carbon.
• Frequently the same organic nutrient will satisfy all these requirements.
• Yeast, all pathogenic micro organisms are chemoheterotrophs.
• Other two nutritional classes have fewer microorganism but often are very
important ecologically.
 PHOTOHETEROTROPHS
• Purple and green bacteria are photosynthetic.
• Organic matter as their electron donor and carbon source.
• Common inhabitants of polluted lakes and streams.
 CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
• Oxidizes reduced inorganic compounds such as iron, nitrogen or sulfur
molecules to derive both energy and electrons.
• Carbon dioxide is the carbon sources.
• Contribute greatly to the chemical transformations of elements.
• Examples:- Mixotrophic:- depending on environment condition.
 CULTURE MEDIA:-
The food material or substances required for growing micro organisms in
vitro (outside the body) is called culture medium.
 USES OF CULTURE MEDIUM
• It is important to grow micro organisms outside the body for the following
purposes:-
1.To identify the cause of infection from the clinical so that proper
treatment can be given.
2.To study the characteristics or properties of micro organisms.
3.To prepare biological products like vaccines, antigens, etc.
 COMPOSITION OF CULTURE
MEDIA
• Water
• Energy source
• Carbon source
• Nitrogen source
• Mineral salts
• Special growth factors
 TYPES OF CULTURE MEDIA
1.Classification based on physical state
a) Solid medium
b) Semi solid medium
c) Liquid medium
 CONTD.
2. Classification based on the ingredients
a) Simple medium
b) Complex medium
c) Synthetic or defined medium
d) Special media
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
PHYSICAL STATE
• Solid media:- agar is the most commonly used solidifying agents.
• Colonies grow on the surface of the solid media in a petri plate.
• It used for identification of various bacteria.
• Example :- nutrient agar, blood agar
 WHAT IS AGAR?
• - Golden-yellow granular powder.
• - obtained from seaweeds: Gelidium
• -not affected by the growth of the bacteria.
• -melts at 98*C and sets at 42*C.
• 2%agar is employed in solid medium
 SEMI-SOLID MEDIA
• Such media are soft and are useful in demonstrating bacterial motility and
separating motile from non-motile strains.
• Contains 0.5% agar.
 LIQUID MEDIA
• Liquid media are sometimes referred as “broth”.
• Bacteria grow uniformly producing general turbidity.
• Example:- Nutrient broth
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
THE INGREDIENTS
• Simple media
• Example:- nutrient broth ,nutrient agar
• Nutrient broth of peptone, meat extract, NaCl.
• Nutrient broth +2%agar =nutrient agar
• Agar concentration reduced (0.2-0.5)= semi-solid medium.
 COMPLEX MEDIA:-
• Such as blood agar, it has ingredient that exact components are difficult to
estimate.
• They have added complex ingredient
such as yeast extract or casein hydrolysate
which consist of a mixture of many
chemical species in unknown proportions.
 SYNTHETIC OR DEFINED MEDIA
• Specially prepared media from pure chemical substances for research
purpose and composition of every component is well known.
• Example:- peptone water—1%peptone+0.5%NaCl in water.