NUTRITION: AN INTRODUCTION

Geromil J. Lara, RMT, MSMT

FOOD
• Provide energy and new molecules
to replace those that the body uses
NUTRIENTS
• Component of food and drink that
provide growth, replacement, and
energy
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Vitamins
– Minerals
– Water
CALORIES
• Measurement of amount of energy
derived from food

1000 Cal = 1 kCal

Recommended Nutritional Requirements

Per Day

Carbohydrates 45 – 65%
Proteins 10 – 35%
Lipids 20 – 35%
CALORIES
• Measurement of amount of energy
derived from food
1000 Cal = 1 kCal

Recommended Nutritional Requirements

Per Day
Carbohydrates 45 – 65%
Proteins 10 – 35%
Lipids 20 – 35%
CHO 4 cal/gram
CHON 4 cal/gram
Lipids 9 cal/gram
CALORIES

Example: using 2000 calories diet

CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories

= 1,000 calories / 4 = 250 grams

CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories

= 400 calories / 4 = 100 grams

CALORIES

Example: using 2000 calories diet

Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories

= 600 calories / 4 = 150 grams

CHO 250 grams

CHON 100 grams
Lipids 150 grams
============
500 grams/day
VITAMIN

• is an organic compound required as

a nutrient in tiny amounts by an
organism
• Derived from “Vitamine”

• 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins

• 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN A
Other Name: Retinol
Function:
– Vision
– To heal eye and skin injuries
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Nightblindness/Blindness
– Keratinization of epithelium and cornea
Best Food Source:
– Liver, butter, egg yolk, carrots, spinach,
sweet potatoes
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN D
Other Name: Calciferol
Function:
– Promotes calcium and phosphate
absorption and mobilization
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Rickets (children): pliable bones
– Osteomalacia (adults): fragile bones
Best Food Source:
– Salmon, sardines, cod liver oil, cheese,
eggs, milk
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN E
Other Name: Tocopherol
Function:
– Antioxidant
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– In cases of malabsorption such as
cystic fibrosis: anemia
– In premature infants: anemia
Best Food Source:
– Vegetable oils, nuts, potato chips,
spinach
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN K
Other Name: Phylloquinone
Function:
– Blood clotting
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in
newborns)
Best Food Source:
– Spinach, potatoes, cauliflower, beef
liver
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B1
Other Name: Thiamine
Function:
– Coenzyme in oxidative carboxylation
and in the pentose phosphate shunt
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Beriberi
– In alcoholics: heart failure
– Pulmonary congestion
Best Food Source:
– Beans, soybeans, cereals, ham, liver
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B2
Other Name: Riboflavin
Function:
– Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– invasion of cornea by capillaries
– Cheilosis
– Dermatitis
Best Food Source:
– Kidney, liver, yeast, almonds,
mushrooms, beans
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B3: NICOTINIC ACID
Other Name: Niacin
Function:
– Coenzyme of oxidative processes
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Pellagra

Best Food Source:

– Prunes, peaches, avocados, fish, meat,
mushrooms, peanuts, bread, rice,
beans, berries
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B6
Other Name: Pyridoxine
Function:
– Coenzyme in transamination
– Heme synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Convulsions
– Chronic anemia
– Peripheral neuropathy
Best Food Source:
– Meat, fish, nuts, oats, wheat
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B9
Other Name: Folic Acid;
Pteroylglutamic Acid
Function:
– Coenzyme in methylation and in DNA
synthesis
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Anemia
Best Food Source:
– Liver, kidneys, eggs, spinach, orange
juice
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B12
Other Name: Cyanocobalamin
Function:
– Part of methyl-removing enzyme in
folate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Pathcy demyelination
– Degradation of nerves, spinal cord, and
brain
Best Food Source:
– Oysters, salmon, liver, kidney
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B5
Other Name: Pantothenic Acid
Function:
– Part of CoA
– Fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Gastrointestinal disturbances
– Depression
Best Food Source:
– Peanuts, soybeans, liver, kidney, brain,
heart
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN B7
Other Name: Biotin
Function:
– Synthesis of fatty acids
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Dermatitis, nausea, depression
Best Food Source:
– Yeast, liver, kidney, nuts, egg yolk
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
VITAMIN C
Other Name: Ascorbic Acid
Function:
– Antioxidant
– Hydroxylation of collagen
– Wound healing
– Bond formation
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
– Scurvy
Best Food Source:
– Citrus fruits, berries, cabbage,
tomatoes
MINERALS

• Potassium • Copper
• Sodium • Manganese
• Calcium • Chromium
• Chloride • Molybdenum
• Phosphorus • Cobalt
• Magnesium • Selenium
• Iron • Iodine
• Zinc • Fluorine
 Provides
Potassium membrane Muscle Weakness
potential

Sodium Osmotic pressure Electrolyte

imbalances

Bone formation; Muscle cramps;

Calcium Hormonal function; osteoporosis,
Blood coagulation; fragile bones,
Muscle contraction coagulopathy
 Chloride Osmotic pressure Electrolyte
imbalances

Phosphorus Balancing calcium Structural

in the diet weakness in bones

Magnesium Cofactor in Hypocalcemia

enzymes
 Oxidative
Iron phosphorylation; Anemia
hemoglobin
synthesis

Zinc Cofactor in Retarded growth;

enzymes; insulin enlarged liver

Loss of hair
Copper Oxidative enzymes pigmentation;
cofactor anemia
Manganese Bone formation Retarded growth of
hair and nails

Chromium Glucose Glucose not

metabolism available to cells

Molybdenum Protein synthesis Retarded growth

 Cobalt Component of Pernicious anemia
Vitamin B12

Selenium Fat Metabolism Muscular disorders

Iodine Thyroid gland Goiter and

function thyroiditis
Fluorine Enamel Formation Tooth decay
THANK YOU VERY MUCH