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Management
Topic 4 – Plant Layout
4. Volume of production
Plant layout is generally determined by taking into consideration
the quantum of production to be produced.
5. Types of production/operation methods
In assembly line industries, product layout is better. In job order
or intermittent manufacturing on the other hand, process layout is
desirable.
6. Factory building:
The nature and size of the building determines the floor space
available for layout. While designing the special requirements,
e.g. air conditioning, dust control, humidity control etc. must be
kept in mind.
7. Human needs:
Adequate arrangement should be made for washroom, lockers,
drinking water, toilets and other employee facilities, proper
provision should be made for disposal of effluents, if any.
8. Plant environment:
Heat, light, noise, ventilation and other aspects should be duly
considered, e.g. paint shops and plating section should be
located in another hall so that dangerous fumes can be removed
through proper ventilation etc. Adequate safety arrangement
should also be made.
Project (fixed Move material to the limited Ingall Ship Building Corp.
position) storage areas around the site Trump Plaza
Pittsburgh Airport
Figure 9.1
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Pearson-Prentice Hall
Office Layout
► Three physical and social aspects
► Proximity
► Privacy
► Permission
► Two major trends
► Information technology
► Dynamic needs for space and services
Figure 9.2
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and Pearson-Prentice Hall
Retail Slotting
▶ Manufacturers pay fees to retailers to
get the retailers to display (slot) their
product
▶ Contributing factors
▶ Limited shelf space
▶ An increasing number of new products
▶ Better information about sales through
POS data collection
▶ Closer control of inventory
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and Pearson-Prentice Hall
Servicescapes
1. Ambient conditions - background
characteristics such as lighting, sound,
smell, and temperature
2. Spatial layout and functionality - which
involve customer
circulation path planning,
aisle characteristics, and
product grouping
3. Signs, symbols, and
artifacts - characteristics
of building design that
carry social significance
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and Pearson-Prentice Hall
Warehousing and Storage Layouts
Laboratories
Figure 9.3
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Graw Hill and Pearson-Prentice
Process-Oriented Layout
▶ Arrange work centers so as to minimize
the costs of material handling
▶ Basic cost elements are
▶ Number of loads (or people) moving
between centers
▶ Distance loads (or people) move between
centers
Painting (2) 30 50 10 0
Testing (6)
40’
60’
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Process Layout Example
Figure 9.6
Interdepartmental Flow Graph
100
10
20 20 100
50
40’
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60’
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Graw Hill and Pearson-Prentice
Computer Software
▶ Graphical approach only works for small
problems
▶ Computer programs are available to solve
bigger problems
► CRAFT ► Factory Flow
► ALDEP ► Proplanner
► CORELAP
After
Before
2) Determine the
total working time
each month
4)
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Yamazumi Chart for Current Time Study for Company A for Packing Tray and Assembly Process
Yamazumi Charts
A Yamazumi chart is a stacked bar chart that shows the balance of cycle time workloads between a number of operators typically in an assembly
line or work cell. The Yamazumi chart can be either for a single product or multi product assembly line. Toyota uses Yamazumi work balance charts
to visually present the work content of a series of tasks and facilitate work balancing and the isolation and elimination of non value added work
content.
Value Added
Waste
AFTER IMPROVEMENT
BEFORE IMPROVEMENT
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BEFORE IMPROVEMENT
AFTER IMPROVEMENT
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Work Balance Charts
▶ Used for evaluating operation times in
work cells
▶ Can help identify bottleneck
operations
▶ Flexible, cross-trained employees can
help address labor bottlenecks
▶ Machine bottlenecks may require
other approaches
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and Pearson-Prentice Hall
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Graw Hill and Pearson-Prentice
Activity Chart
Figure 10.6
Operation Chart
Figure 10.7
BEFORE IMPROVEMENT
AFTER IMPROVEMENT
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McDonald’s Assembly Line
Figure 9.11
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and Pearson-Prentice Hall
Assembly-Line Balancing
▶ Objective is to minimize the imbalance
between machines or personnel while
meeting required output
▶ Starts with the precedence relationships
1. Determine cycle time
2. Calculate theoretical
minimum number of
workstations
3. Balance the line by
assigning specific
tasks to workstations
H
(Actual
11
number of
E
workstations)
A B
x (Largest cycle
F
time)
G
4
I = 65 minutes
3 / ((6 stations)
G, H x (12 minutes)) 3
Total=time 65
D I
90.3% 11 11
E H
30
20
10
0
Figure 9.10
Assemble Paint Test Label Pack for
shipment
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Pearson-Prentice Hall
Staffing Work Cells Example 2
600 Mirrors per day required
Mirror production scheduled for 8 hours per day
From a work balance
chart total operation
time = 140 seconds
Material
Units produced
Productivity = Input used
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Productivity Calculations
Labor Productivity
Units produced
Productivity = Labor-hours used
1,000
= = 4 units/labor-hour
250
Output
Productivity =
Labor + Material + Energy
+ Capital + Miscellaneous
Also known as total factor productivity
Output and inputs are often expressed
in dollars
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Example: Collins Title Company
Old System (8 titles per/day)
• 4 Staff working 8 hrs per day (Labour Hrs = 4 X 8 = 32)
• Payroll cost = $640 per day
• Overhead Cost = $ 400
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Example: Single-Factor Productivity
Old System
8 titles/day
productivity = 32 labour-hr = .25 titles per labour-hr
New System
14 titles/day
productivity = 32 labour-hr = .43 titles per labour-hr
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