Comm Techies

UNIT 1
• IT / ICT
• Basic communication model
• Electronic devices –
• An amplifier is an electronic device or circuit
which is used to increase the magnitude of
the signal applied to its input.
• Oscillators – Continuous out put
• Oscillators-
• They may or may not need input (Vcc and Vee in case of Op-Amps).
• They need an in phase feedback to stabilize the output.
• Combination of R-L-C can be used and frequency of oscillation can be controlled.
• Steady wave is generated at output and remains unchanged irrespective of time.
• Oscillators are generally used in circuits where sine/ triangular or any wave with
constant nature is needed.
• Amplifiers-
• Amplifiers must be given output to amplify.
• The feedback is generally given to inverting terminal but input can be given to
inverting or non-inverting or both terminals (depends on application).
• Factor of amplification is dependent on feedback also.
• Output is dependent on input given to the amplifier.
• Amplifiers are used to amplify any signal with the amplification factor of our wish.
• A modulator is a circuit that combines two
different signals in such a way that they can be
pulled apart later and the information
obtained.
• Antenna definition, a conductor by which
electromagnetic waves are sent out or
received, consisting commonly of a wire or set
of wires; aerial.
Telegrapy - the science or practice of using or constructing communication systems for
the transmission or reproduction of information.
• Telephony is the field of technology involving
the development, application, and
deployment of telecommunication services for
the purpose of electronic transmission of
voice, fax, or data, between distant parties.
The history of telephony is intimately linked to
the invention and development of the
telephone.

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

1997
 UNIT 3
• Frequency
• A Frequency forms the base of any radio
communication. Radio’s work - at a very basic
level - by emitting electromagnetic waves
which have different oscillation frequencies.
By tuning to a frequency the radio is able to
receive and transmit on the specified
frequency.
• Channels
• A Channel is a preprogrammed channel on a
radio device that allows for rapid switching to
preprogrammed networks. Examples are that
Channel 1 might be tuned to 50 and Channel 2
might be tuned to 51. By switching between
Channel 1 and Channel 2 the user will be able
to change between 50 and 51 faster than
typing in the frequency.
• Network
• A defined use of a given Frequency that is
used by a set of Callsigns to communicate with
one and other for a designated purpose. For
example you might have a command net for
communication of High level orders to
execution elements, or a fires net for
communication with Artillery or IDF elements.
• Transmission
• A Transmission is a burst of communication
sent from one callsign to another on a
Frequency. A transmission occurs on a
frequency and contains the sender and
intended recipient in alongside a
corresponding end word - either “Over” or
“Out” but never both.
Working of Radio Transmitters and
Receivers
 Elements of Radio Transmitters
• The power supply provides an electrical signal to operate
the transmitter.
• The oscillator creates the alternating current, a carrier
wave, that the transmitter sends through the antenna.
• The modulator adds information to the carrier wave. In the
case of FM (frequency modulation), the modulator either
slightly increases or decreases the frequency of the carrier
wave.
• The amplifier increases the power of of the wave. More
powerful amplifiers allow for a larger broadcast area.
• Finally, the antenna converts the amplified signal to radio
waves.
 FM / AM Radio Systems
FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using
frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented in 1933 by
American engineer Edwin Armstrong, wide-band FM is used
worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast
radio. FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than
DAB/+ radio, and AM broadcasting under normal listening
conditions, so it is used for most music broadcasts.
Theoretically wideband AM can offer equally good sound
quality, provided the reception conditions are ideal. FM radio
stations use the very high frequencies.
 Narrowcasting
• Narrowcasting has traditionally been
understood as the dissemination of
information to a narrow audience; not to the
broader public at-large
 Visual Media
• A visual narrative (also visual storytelling) is a
story told primarily through the use of visual
media. The story may be told using still
photography, illustration, or video, and can be
enhanced with graphics, music, voice and
other audio.
• Still Photography – Video – Animation and
Graphics.
 Functional aspects of TV
• Transmitters – Receivers – TV sound and
equipments –
• Camera – Monitors – VCRs – Mixers / Switches
etc., - Portable Tape Recorders – Outdoor
• Mobile Recording Van – Cable Television.