What is X- ray Crystallography?

X- ray crystallography is a method for determining arrangement of atoms

within the crystal lattice in which beam of X-ray strikes the crystal and
causes the beam to scatter into many directions. The diffracted beam
produces 3-D image of the density of electrons of the crystal.

As diffraction takes place

The necessary condition for diffraction is size of the particle is approximately
equal to wavelength of X-ray used.
Principle- “ Braggs Law”

The two parallel coming light strikes on the atomic

planes, where the spacing between atomic plane
occurs at the distance d, the path difference between
the Ray 1 and Ray 2 is integral multiple of nλ
for constructive interference
nλ= 2a (path difference)
using trigonometry
a = d sinθ
nλ= 2 d sinθ

This is known Braggs law

Schematic of X- Ray Crystallography