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ENGINEERING MECHANICS
STATICS
2

Mulyadi Bur

Structural Dynamics Laboratory

ANDALAS UNIVERSITY
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Objectives
1. To show the effect of forces an particles, that
is, on bodies of such shape and size that all
forces acting on them may be assumed
2 applied at the same point.
2. To show how to add forces and resolve them
into components using the parallelogram law.
3. To express force and position in Cartesian
vector form and explain how to determine the
vector’s magnitude and direction.
4. To introduce the dot product in order to
determine the angle between two vectors or
the projection of one vector onto another.
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Definitions
Particle - the size and shape of the
bodies under consideration will not
2
significantly affect the solution.

Scalar - A quantity characterized by a

positive or negative number is
called a scalar. Examples of scalars
used in Statics are mass, volume or
length.
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Definitions

Vector - A quantity that has both

magnitude and a direction.
2
Examples of vectors used in Statics
are position, magnitude, force, and
moment.

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Symbols
Vectors are denoted by a letter with an arrow
over it or a boldface letter such as A.

2
Symbols used for vectors:
r v
A or A

Denote magnitude by:

r
A or A
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Vector Definitions

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Vector Definitions
Magnitude and direction -10 lbs
F=10 lbs

2
Same line of action, opposite sense
P
P

P -P

Equal vectors Negative vector; same

magnitude, opposite direction
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Vector Definitions
• Vector classifications:
- Fixed or bound vectors have well defined
points of application that cannot be changed
without affecting
an analysis.
2 - Free vectors may be freely moved in space
without changing their effect on an analysis.
- Sliding vectors may be applied anywhere along
their line of action without affecting an
analysis.
• Equal vectors have the same magnitude and
direction.

• Negative vector of a given vector has the same

magnitude and the opposite direction.
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Scalar Multiplication

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Scalar Multiplication

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Vector Addition

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Vector Addition

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Vector Addition

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R
Q=4 lbs
R=5 lbs, not 7 lbs

P=3 lbs Q
2
R R
P
P R
P

A Q Q
P+Q=Q+P
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P+Q+S=(P+Q)+S=P+(Q+S)

Q S
P P+Q
P+Q+S
2 P+Q+S

S
Q
Q+S
P
P+Q+S P

S
Q

P+Q+S=S+Q+P
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Vector Addition
• Addition of three or more
vectors through repeated
application of the triangle rule
2
• The polygon rule for the
addition of three or more
vectors.
• Vector addition is associative,

 
PQS  PQ S P QS  
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Vector Addition
• Experimental evidence
shows that the combined
effect of two forces may
2 be represented by a
single resultant force.

• The resultant is equivalent to the diagonal of a

parallelogram which contains the two forces in
adjacent legs.

• Force is a vector quantity.

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• Concurrent forces: set
of forces which all pass
through the same point.

2 A set of concurrent
forces applied to a
particle may be replaced
by a single resultant
force which is the vector
sum of the applied
forces.
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Vector Subtraction

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Any given force acting on a particle can be resolved into two or
more components, i.e.., it can be replaced by two or more forces
which have the same effect on the particle.

A force F can be resolved

into two components P
2 and Q by drawing a
parallelogram which has
Q F for its diagonal; the
components P and Q
F are then represented by
the two adjacent sides
of the parallelogram
A and can be determined
either graphically or by
P trigonometry.

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Resolution of a Vector

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Force

1. Force is a Vector Quantity

2. Forces Add as Vectors
2

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Force

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Parallelogram Law

1. Make a sketch showing vector addition using the

parallelogram law.
2 2. Determine the interior angles of the parallelogram
from the geometry of the problem.
3. Label all known and unknown angles and forces in
the sketch.
4. Redraw one half of the parallelogram to show the
triangular head-to-tail addition of the components
and apply laws of sines and cosines.

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Important Points
1. A scalar is a positive or negative number.
2. A vector is a quantity that has magnitude,
2
direction, and sense.
3. Multiplication or division of a vector by a
scalar will change the magnitude. The sense
will change if the scalar is negative.
4. If the vectors are collinear, the resultant is
formed by algebraic or scalar addition.

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Example 2-1

The screw eye in the

figure at the left is
2 subjected to two forces
F1 and F2. Determine the
magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.

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Parallelogram Law Calculate angles
Angle COA = 900 -150-100 = 650

Angle OAB = 1800 -650= 1150

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Triangular
Construction

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Find FR from law of cosines.
Find  from law of sines.
Angle  =  + 150

FR  (100) 2  (150) 2  2(100)(150)cos1150

FR  10000  22500  30000( 0.4226)
FR  212.6N  213N
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150 212.6

sin  sin1150
150
sin   (0.9063)  0.6394
212.6
  sin1 (0.6394)  39.750  39.80
2     150

Answer: The resultant force has a magnitude of

213 N and is directed 54.8o from the horizontal.
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