Chapter I

Origin and
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Structure of the
Earth
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Topic: Universe and the Solar System

Lesson 1:
Origin of the Universe
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What is Universe?
 Universe is the name that we use to describe
the collection of all the things that exist in
space. It is made of many millions of
millions of stars and planets and enormous
clouds of gas separated by a gigantic empty
space which is called the universe
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What is the Size of our Universe?
(see video)
 The Cepheids have then been used as stepping-
stones to make distance measurements for
supernovae, which have, in turn, given a
measure for the scale of the Universe. Today we
know the age of the Universe to a much higher
precision than before Hubble: around 13.7
billion years.
Cepheids
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Cepheids, also called Cepheid Variables, are stars

which brighten and dim periodically. This
behavior allows them to be used as cosmic
yardsticks out to distances of a few tens of
millions of light-years.
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 A galaxy is a gravitationally What is Galaxy?
bound system of stars, stellar
remnants, interstellar gas, dust,
and dark matter. The
word galaxy is derived from the
Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας),
literally "milky", a reference to
the Milky Way.
LARGEST
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GALAXY Trivia
IC 1101
 Located almost a billion light-
years away, IC 1101 is the
single largest galaxy that has
ever been found in the
observable universe. Just how
large is it? At its largest point,
this galaxy extends about 2
million light-years from its core,
and it has a mass of about 100
trillion stars
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How many Galaxies are there?
(see video)
one hundred billion galaxies
 According to the best estimates of astronomers
there are at least one hundred billion galaxies in
the observable universe. They've counted the
galaxies in a particular region, and multiplied this
up to estimate the number for the whole universe
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Origin of the Universe (See video)
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 a point at which a function takes an infinite value, Singularity
especially in space-time when matter is infinitely
dense, as at the center of a black hole.
 Hot and infinitely dense point
 Only a few millimeters wide 1mm = 1 cm
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FROM THIS CAME:

 TIME
 SPACE
 MATTER
 ENRGY
Time begins
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 The universe begins
~13.7 Billion years ago
 The universe begins
as the size of a single
atom
 The universe began as
a violent expansion
 All matter and space
were created from a
single point of pure
energy in an instant
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Edwin P. Hubble
 Hubble Space Telescope Facts.
NASA named the world's first
space-based optical telescope after
American astronomer Edwin P.
Hubble (1889 -- 1953). Dr. Hubble
confirmed an "expanding" universe,
which provided the foundation for
the big-bang theory.
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 The Hubble Space Telescope is a space
telescope that was launched into low
Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in
operation. It was not the first space
telescope, but it is one of the largest
and most versatile and is well known as
both a vital research tool and a public
relations boon for astronomy
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Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître
 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966)
 was a Jesuit trained Belgian Roman Catholic priest, mathematician,
astronomer, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain.
 He was the first to identify that the recession of nearby galaxies can be
explained by a theory of an expanding universe
 Which was observationally confirmed soon afterwards by Edwin Hubble.
 He was the first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law, or the Hubble-
Lemaître law,
 and made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant, which
he published in 1927, two years before Hubble's article.
 Lemaître also proposed what later became known as the "Big Bang theory" of
the origin of the universe, initially calling it the "hypothesis of the primeval
atom“.
Started in 1927 with Georges Lemaitre
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 He deduce that if Einstein’s theory was true that the

universe must have been expanding
 When, Edwin Hubble discovered that the galaxies are
moving away from each other at high speeds.
 Lemaitre used Hubble’s discovery to support his
theory
 And from the discovery of expanding universe
 He hypothesize that there was once a primordial
atom that contained everything in the universe.
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Two major stages of the Universe
Evolution
 Radiation Era – named for the dominance of radiation
 EPOCHS: Planck, Grand Unified, Inflationary, Electroweak,
Quark, Hadron, Lepton, Nuclear

 Matter Era – presence and predominance of our Universe

 EPOCHS: Atomic, Galactic and Stellar

EPOCH means a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one

marked by notable events or particular characteristics.