Reading and

Thinking Strategies
across Text types
Mrs. Darling A. Mallari
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1.Describes a written text as
connected discourse
 Introduction
• There has been some confusion in
the literature regarding the
distinction between ‘discourse
analysis’ and ‘text analysis’.
• It is a result of the confusion in the
terms ‘discourse’ and ‘text’.
 TEXT vs.
DISCOURSE
WHAT IS A TEXT?
Write a brief definition of
what a text is.
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Is this a text?
 Is this a text?
It was generally evident whenever they met, that he did admire
her; and to her it was equally evident that was yielding to the
preference which she had begun to entertain for him from the
first, and was in a way to be very much in love; but she
considered with pleasure that it was not likely to be discovered
by the world in general, since Jane united with great strength
of feeling a composure of temper and a uniform cheerfulness of
manner, which would guard her from the suspicions of the
impertinent.
Is this a text?
Is this a text?
• What do the images on
the following slides
represent?
• Decide whether they
constitute a text or not.
• Justify your answer.
TEXT vs. DISCOURSE
 Text or discourse?
• Are they the same?
• If not what is the difference
between text analysis and
discourse analysis?
 According to Widdowson (1973)
• Text: • Discourse:
is made up of is the use of such
sentences. sentences.
- A text is made up of - A discourse is made
sentences having up of utterances
the property of having the property
grammatical of coherence.
cohesion. - Discourse analysis:
-Text Analysis: deals investigates
with cohesion. coherence.
 Another distinction
• Text: • Discourse:
• Text is defined in • Discourse is viewed
terms of its being as a process.
a physical • Meaning is derived
product. through the
• Meaning is not reader’s interaction
found in text. with the text 
discourse.
 Others
• Text: • Discourse:
• written • Spoken
• Text analysis: • Discourse
investigates analysis:
written form analyzes
spoken form.
 Others
• Text: “written record • Discourse:
of an interaction” “language in action”
• Nunan (1993:6-7): • Nunan (1993:6-7):
text refers to any discourse refers to
written record of a the interpretation
communicative event of the
(which may involve
communicative
oral language or
event.”
written language);
What makes text a
connected
discourse?
 Text becomes a
connected discourse
when we read. :)
 Let us read!
Paul Theroux’s “Being a Man”
• Femininity—being lady-like—implies
needing a man as witness and seducer; but
masculinity celebrates the exclusive
company of men. That is why it is so
grotesque; and that is also why there is no
manliness without inadequacy—because it
denies men the natural friendship of
women. It is very hard to imagine any
concept of manliness that does not belittle
women, and it begins very early.
 Paul Theroux’s “Being a Man”
• At an age when I wanted to meet girls—let's
say the treacherous years of thirteen to
sixteen—I was told to take up a sport, get more
fresh air, join the Boy Scouts, and I was urged
not to read so much. It was the 1950s and if
you asked too many questions about sex you
were sent to camp—boy's camp, of course: the
nightmare. Nothing is more unnatural or
prison-like than a boy's camp, but if it were not
for them we would have no Elks' Lodges, no
pool rooms, no boxing matches, no Marines.
 WHAT IS READING?
• READING is a cognitive process of
decoding symbols to derive meaning
from a text. It is always an interaction
between the text and the reader. We
read to gain and share information and
ideas, whether for academic, personal,
or professional purposes.
EFFECTIVE READING STRATEGIES
ReadingStrategies
•Previewing
•Skimming
•Scanning
 PREVIEWING
• Previewing means looking at the
readily visible parts of the text. It
helps familiarize you with the
contents of the selection and focus
on the important information in
the text.
 Skimming
• Skimming the text means you
look for the main point of the
reading and identify the
ideas that develop it.
 Scanning
• Scanning the reading is
looking for specific
information. This strategy
involves physically moving
your eyes quickly along the
lines of text.
What Is Previewing?
Skimming? Scanning?