Science, Technology, and

Society
Learning outcomes :

•State the meaning of Science and

Technology;
•Understand the scientific revolution.
MEANING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science, technology and society

(STS) is the study of how social,
political, and cultural values affect
scientific research and technological
innovation, and how these, in turn,
affect society.
MEANING OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Science, technology and society refers to
the interaction between science and
technology and social cultural, political
and economic context which shape and
are shaped by them; specific examples
throughout human history of scientific
and technological developments.
MEANING OF SCIENCE
•Science is a systematized body of
knowledge.
•Science is an organized and dynamic
inquiry (following scientific method).
•Science is knowledge gained through
observation and experimentation.
MEANING OF SCIENCE
•Science is a human activity; scientist
•Science is a social enterprise: people,
knowledge, skills, facilities, apparatuses and
technologies.
•Science leads to formation of concepts,
methods, principles, theories, law and
procedures which seek to describe and
explain nature and its phenomena.
MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY
• Technology as material products, results of
scientific inquiry; hardware produced by
scientist.
• Technology as the application of knowledge in
solving scientific and practical problems that will
help humans to survive and improve his life.
• Technology as human cultural activities and
endeavor.
MEANING OF TECHNOLOGY
• Technology as a social enterprise – Technology is
a complex system of knowledge skills, people,
methods, tools, materials and resources applied
and allocated to the development, operation
and production of a new or improve product,
process or services.
• Technology as modern technology based on the
advances of science since the end of WWII to
the present.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Science as an idea. It includes
ideas, theories, and all available
systematic explanations and
observations about the natural
and physical world.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Science as an intellectual activity.
It encompass a systematic and
practical study of natural and
physical world. This process of
study involves systematic
observation and experimentation.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Science as a body of knowledge. It is
a subject or a discipline, a field of
study, or knowledge that deals with
the process of learning about the
natural and physical world. This is
what we refer to as school science.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Science as a personal and social activity.
This explains that science is both
knowledge and activities done by human
beings to develop better understanding
of the world around them. It is a means
to improve life and to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

•Human beings have embarked in

scientific activities in order to know and
understand everything around them.
•They have persistently observed and
studied the natural and the physical
world in order to find meanings and
seek answers to many questions.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

•They have developed noble ideas, later

known as philosophy, to provide
alternative or possible explanations to
certain phenomena.
•The idea of scientific revolution is
claimed to have started in early 16 th
th
century up to 18 century in Europe.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Scientific revolution was the period of
enlightenment when the developments
in the fields of mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology, and chemistry
transformed the views of society about
nature.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Scientific revolution was the golden age for
people committed to scholarly life in
science but it was also a deeply trying
moment to some scientific individuals that
led to their painful death or condemnation
from the religious institutions who tried to
preserve their faith, religion, and
theological views.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
•Scientific revolution is very significant in
the development of human beings,
transformation of the society, and in the
formulation of scientific ideas.
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

•Scientist in all periods of time are driven

by their curiosity, critical thinking, and
creativity to explore the physical and
natural world.
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

Creativity SCIENTISTS
SCIENCE IDEAS

Passion to
SCIENCE
Curiosity know
DISCOVERIES
Passion to
discover
Critical Thinking TECHNOLOGY
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas

•Scientist are not driven by clamor for

honor and publicity.
•Some scientist were never appreciated
during their times.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
•Nicolaus Copernicus was born in the city of
Torun, in the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia,
northern Poland on February 19, 1473.
•His name at birth was Mikolaj Kopernik. At
university he started calling himself the
Latin form of his name, Nicolaus Copernicus
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
•Nicolaus was born into a wealthy family.
•He was named after his father, Mikolaj
Kopernik, who was a prosperous copper
trader.
•His mother, Barbara Watzenrode, also came
from a wealthy, upper-class family of
merchants.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• Nicolaus was the youngest of their four children.
• When Nicolaus was 10 years old, his father died.
Nicolaus’s nobleman uncle, Lucas Watzenrode,
became his guardian.
• In 1491, at the age of 18, Copernicus enrolled at
the University of Krakow, where he studied
astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and the
sciences.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
•Copernicus ideas were and example of what
is presently called as a thought experiment.
•Copernicus had been appointed as canon at
Frombork Cathedral in Poland.
•Copernicus model was influenced by book
entitled Epitome published in 1496 by a
German author, Johannes Mueller.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• This book contains Mueller’s observations of the heavens
and some commentary on earlier works especially that of
Ptolemy.
• Copernicus idea and model of the universe was essentially
complete in 1510.
• Copernicus circulated a summary of his ideas to his few
friends in a manuscript called Commentariolus (Little
Commentary).
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

•The book De
revolutionibus
orbium coelesium
(On the Revolution
of the Heavenly
Spheres) was
published in 1543.
Charles Darwin
Darwin’s Grandfathers: His Paternal Grandfather
• Noted and wealthy physician
• Offered (but declined) post of
Royal Physician by George III
• Poet and proto-evolutionist
• Father of at least 14 children
with two wives and one mistress
• Father of Robert Waring
Darwin (Charles Darwin’s
father)
• A son named Charles Darwin
died at the age of 20
Erasmus Darwin
(1731 – 1802)
Darwin’s Grandfathers: His Maternal Grandfather

• Noted pottery designer

• Founder of the Wedgwood
firm (1759)
• Father of Susanna
Wedgwood (Charles Darwin’s
mother)
• Father of Josiah Wedgwood
II (“Uncle Jos” )
• Prominent in anti-slavery
movement Josiah Wedgwood
(1730 – 1795)
 Darwin’s Parents

Father: Robert Waring Darwin (1766 – 1848)

Son of Erasmus Darwin
Physician and lender (for mortgages)
Mother: Susanna Wedgwood Darwin (1765 – 1817)
Daughter of Josiah Wedgwood I
Brother of Josiah Wedgwood II
Robert and Erasmus Darwin: son and father
 Children of Robert and Susanna Darwin
• Marianne Darwin (1798-1858)
• Caroline Darwin (1800-1888) – married Josiah
Wedgwood III
• Susan Elizabeth Darwin (1803-1866)
• Erasmus Alvey Darwin (1804-1881) – Darwin’s only
brother
• Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)
• Emily Catherine Darwin (1810-1866)

When Darwin’s mother died in 1817, his older sisters (then

19, 17, and 14) acted as substitute mothers.
Erasmus Alvey Darwin
(1804 – 1881)
Older brother of
Charles Darwin
Studied medicine, but
didn’t really want to
practice it. His father
then pensioned him off
at the age of 26, and he
neither did any work
nor accomplished
anything significant in
his lifetime. He was
just a “gentleman of
leisure.”
Charles Darwin (at age of nine) and his younger
sister Catherine.
 Three Main Parts of Charles Darwin’s Life
1809 – 1831: Age 0 - 22
Childhood, education, college
1831 – 1836: Age 22 to 27
Voyaging on the HMS Beagle
1836 – 1882: Age 27 to 73
Scientist and author (geology, experimental and
evolutionary biology)
Darwin was
born in
Shrewsbury,
Shropshire,
shown on
these maps.
The Mount, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
Charles Darwin’s childhood home and his
birthplace.
 Darwin’s Schooling

1817 – 1818: Attended day-school of Reverend Case

1818 – 1825: Attended Shrewsbury School, a boarding
school run by Dr. Samuel Butler (grandfather of the
Samuel Butler who wrote Erewhon and The Way of All
Flesh). He could readily walk back home from this
school, although he was a boarder.
1825 – 1827: Studied medicine (mostly) at University of
Edinburgh, where his father and brother had studied, but
discovered medicine was not to his liking.
1828 – 1831: Attended and graduated from Cambridge
University, intending to become a clergyman.
 The Voyage of the HMS Beagle

In 1831 Darwin serendipitously became the naturalist

companion of Captain Robert FitzRoy on the round-the-
world voyage of the HMS Beagle, a voyage that lasted
nearly five years, until late 1836, and included
explorations of east and west coasts of South America –
including Brazil, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego, Chile, and
the Galapagos Islands – plus stops at many other places,
including Australia and South Africa.

Darwin collected many specimens and took copious

notes on this voyage, publishing a book about his travels
to accompany two volumes written by FitzRoy.
Voyage of the HMS Beagle, 1831 – 1836
 1836 – 1839

Back in London, Darwin became a well-known scientist/

naturalist, more of a geologist than a biologist.
However, he began several notebooks on biology and
evolution, having become convinced that species were
not immutable but changed and evolved.

In 1838 he read Thomas Malthus’ essay on population

and conceived the importance of natural selection in
evolution.

In 1839 he married his first cousin. Emma Wedgwood,

and they had 10 children born between 1841 and 1854.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection

Organisms change in time, usually very slowly (sometimes

extremely slowly), or evolve. Darwin wrote of “descent
with modification” but the modern term is “evolution.”

All organisms – animals, plants, fungi, all organisms – are

descended from a remote common ancestor.

The main (but not only) driving force for evolutionary

change is natural selection, the survival of certain traits
because they better adapt the organism for its survival.
Natural selection doesn’t just select against inferior
organisms, it selects for superior organisms and leads to even
more superior organisms.
 The Children of Charles and Emma Darwin
1839, December 27 William Erasmus Darwin (1839 – 1914)
1841, March 2 Anne “Annie” Elizabeth (1841 – 1851)
1842, September 23 Mary Eleanor; died on October 16.
1843, September 25 Henrietta “Etty” Emma (1843 – 1930)
1845, July 9 George Howard (1845 – 1912)
1847, July 8 Elizabeth (1847 – 1926)
1848, August 16 Francis (1848 – 1925)
1850, January 15 Leonard (1850 – 1943)
1851, May 13 Horace (1852 – 1928)
1856, December 6 Charles Waring (1856 – 1858)

Emma’s age at the births of her ten children were 31, 32, 34, 35, 37,
39, 40, 41, 44, and 48.
 1839 – 1858

In 1842 and 1844 Darwin wrote out a brief and then a longer
sketch of his theory of evolution through natural selection, but did
not publish them. He left directions for Emma Darwin to have the
1844 essay published should anything happen to him.

After a considerable amount of work on biological organisms

(especially barnacles) Darwin was convinced by Charles Lyell in
1856 to begin writing a major work on evolution, never finished.

This writing was interrupted in 1858 by the arrival of a letter from

Alfred Russel Wallace accompanied by a paper on evolution by
natural selection – almost identical to Darwin’s theory.
 1858 – 1859
At the suggestion of Hooker and Lyell, presentations were
made at the Linnean Society on July 1, 1858, of Wallace’s
paper simultaneously with two articles by Darwin.
Shortly thereafter, Darwin began work on On the Origin of
Species, essentially an abridged version of the large book
he was working on.
Its publication in late 1859 was a sensation in the scientific
world, and biology was never the same. The book had
tremendous impact on science, philosophy, and the way
humans viewed the world and their place in it. Thomas
Henry Huxley, particularly, proselytized for Darwin’s
ideas, but Darwin had other prominent supporters.
 1860 – 1882

Darwin continued working and writing the rest of his

life (22 more years). Many ideas that were omitted
from On the Origin of Species (such as the animal
ancestry of humans) or only briefly mentioned (such
as sexual selection and the expression of the emotions)
became the subject of other books.

Darwin received several scientific awards, but was

never knighted. When he died in April 1882, however,
he was buried in Westminster Abbey in London.
 Darwin’s major books
1839 – Voyage of the Beagle
1851 – 1854 – Living and Fossil Cirripedia
1859 – On the Origin of Species
1862 – On the Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign
Orchids are Fertilised by Insects
1865 – On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants
1868 – The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
1871 – The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
1872 – The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
1875 – Insectivorous Plants
1876 – The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable
Kingdom
1877 – The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species
1880 – The Power of Movement in Plants (with son Francis Darwin)
1881 – The Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of
Worms
 Darwin’s Reputation after his death
• The fact of evolution was well established and
believed by all biologists.
• Natural selection was considered the most important
cause of evolution by very few biologists, notably
Alfred Russel Wallace in England and August
Weismann in Germany. Many other biologists were
“saltationists,” believing in the role of major sudden
changes (as by large mutations).
• Gradualism was not accepted because physicists
argued against the earth being old enough for
evolution to have occurred through small steps over
long periods of time.
Darwin’s Reputation (continued)…
• Until about 1900, inheritance was poorly understood,
and the favored theory of “blending inheritance” or “soft
inheritance” was not capable of leading to the
evolutionary changes required by Darwin’s theory. This
changed after geneticists (beginning with Mendel in
1865) showed inheritance to be “particulate” or “hard.”
• About 1930 the concept of gradualism was received
more favorably, and the geneticists and naturalists found
out how their approaches meshed, leading to the “Modern
(Darwinian) Synthesis.”
• The discovery in the last half of the 20th century of the
role of DNA and genes largely completed the triumph of
Darwin’s ideas.
 Key Dates in the Life of Charles Darwin
1809 – Born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England
1831 – Graduated from Cambridge University and left on his five-
year voyage aboard the HMS Beagle.
1836 – Returned from his voyage and became known as a scientist in
London, befriended by Lyell and others.
1838 – Read Thomas Malthus and realized the importance of natural
selection in evolution.
1839 – Married to his first cousin Emma Wedgwood; published his
Voyage of the Beagle.
1858 – Presentation of Wallace-Darwin papers to Linnean Society.
1859 – Publication of On the Origin of Species
1871 – Publication of The Descent of Man, Selection in Relation to
Sex.
1882 – Died; buried at Westminster Abbey, London.
Sigmund Freud
 Background Info

• Born in middleclass neighborhood in Vienna

• Went to school at the University of Vienna in 1873
• By the 1890’s Freud had become an established
physician
• Married Martha Bernay and had six children; Matilde
(1887), Jean Martin (1889), Oliver (1891), Ernst
(1892), Sophie (1893), Anna (1895)
 Field of Study
• Austrian Psychologist, inventor of psychoanalysis
• Had a major impact on Western thought and
philosophy
• discovery of the subconscious, founding of
psychoanalysis and theories of human sexuality
• emphasized that many of our problems in later life
come from our relationships with our parents
• Freud defines psychoanalysis as a procedure for the
treatment for the medically ill
• Freud was intrigued by cases involving child abuse,
incest as well as other sexually related cases
The personality that you live with today, the one that charms in order
to get you dates, makes lists and never gets anything done, makes
sure that your locker is not a mess was molded in your earliest days.

According to Freud you were a final product by the time you hit
puberty.
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage: Birth to 18 Months
Anal Stage: 18 months to three years
Phallic stage: 3 years to 7-8 years
Latency Stage: 7-8 years to puberty
Genital Stage- Puberty to Adulthood
The Oral Stage
During the first year of life, the mouth is site of sexual and aggressive
gratification.
An infants life centers on his mouth.
One of the first objects out there that provides and infant with oral
satisfaction is his mother’s breast. The mother’s breast is a main
source of connection and satisfaction.
Anal Stage
All babies have to grow up some time, and when they do they graduate
to the erogenous focus of the anal stage.
The question at this age is poop…. To Poop or not to poop?
Think Defecation
Freud emphasized the control over
defecating as the pleasure center
from 18 months to 3 years old. The
central conflict for toddlers if control.
Kids in this stage want the ability to
poop whenever they want and
wherever they want. Like in their
pants! But the reality that the have
to hold it in.
Phallic Stage
Begins during the third year of life and may last until child is 6.
The child in this stage is focused on the stimulation of the genitals.
In the Phallic stage, gratification begins with autoeroticism. That
means masturbation. But our need for satisfaction soon turns to
our parents, typically the parent of the opposite sex.
As this happens we find ourselves in one of Freud’s most
controversial and strange contributions to the study of
personality, the Oedipus complex.
Latency
During this stage, no new significant conflicts or
impulses are assumed to arise. This lasts from
about 7 years to puberty. The primary
personality development during this time is that
of the superego.
Things cool down, so to speak. There’s no rivalry with
the opposite sex parent. There’s no battle for control
over satisfaction.

It’s a time for a basic social exploration like making

friends and forming little social cliques.
Genital Stage
During this time the person directs sexual impulses
toward someone of the opposite sex.
Adolescence brings about a reawakening of
Oedipal or Electra conflicts and a reworking of
earlier childhood identifications. The child is now
open to learning how to engage in mutually
satisfying sexual relationships.
Keep In mind that Freud never stated that all people
reach this point of full maturity.
This point is more like an ideal, something to strive for,
a lifelong project.
But if somebody doesn't make it he could easily fall
back into selfish phallicism. This seems to conjure up
images of the selfish lover who doesn't care about the
pleasure of the other partner.
As long as he gets what he wants he’s fine. If you make it You’ll be
attentive and actually card if the other person in the interaction is
enjoying his or herself.