Auto Pilot System

Submitted by : SHUBHAM PRADEEP RAJ

Roll no : 06414804916
Class : EE123
Introduction

An autopilot is a mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic system

used to guide an aerial vehicle without assistance from a
human being. It also maintains the orientation of the plane by
monitoring the relevant flight data from inertial measurement
instruments and then using that data to cause corrective
actions
History
The first aircraft autopilot was developed by
Sperry Corporation in 1912. Lawrence Sperry
demonstrated it two years later in 1914, and
proved the credibility of the invention by flying
the aircraft with his hands away from the
controls and visible to onlookers. The autopilot
connected a gyroscopic heading indicator and
attitude indicator to hydraulically operated
elevators and rudders. It permitted the aircraft
to fly straight and level on a compass course
without a pilot's attention, greatly reducing the
pilot's workload.
Control surfaces

All aircrafts have control surfaces or other

means that we can use to generate the forces and
moments necessary to produce the accelerations
which cause the aircraft to be steered
along its three-dimensional flight path to its
specified destination.

In figure shown , a conventional aircraft is

represented. It has the usual control surfaces,
namely elevator, ailerons, and rudder. This
conventional aircraft has a fourth control, the
change in thrust, which is obtained from the
engines.
Primary Flying Controls
The primary flying controls belong to the
flight control system and are defined as the
input elements which a human pilot moves
directly cause an operation of the control
surfaces. The most important primary flying
controls are pitch control, roll control and
yaw control. The use of these flight controls
affects motion especially about the transverse,
the longitudinal, and the normal axes
respectively. However, each may affect
motion about the other axes.
Flight Control System

Apart from the control surfaces that are

used for steering, every aircraft has
motion sensors which provide measures
of changes in motion variables that
happen when the aircraft responds to the
pilot´s commands or as it finds any
disturbance.

A general representation of the general

structure of an AFCS as the block
schematic shown in the figure.
Components Used

 Accelerometer:
An accelerometer measures the acceleration it experiences relative to
freefall. Single- and multi-axis models are available to detect
magnitude and direction of the acceleration as a vector quantity, and
can be used to sense orientation, vibration and shock. This
measurement is equivalent to inertial acceleration minus the local
gravitational acceleration, where inertial acceleration is understood in
the Newtonian sense of acceleration with respect to a fixed reference
frame, which the Earth is often considered to approximate.
Gyroscope

 A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation,

based on the principles of angular momentum. The traditional form
of a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take
any orientation. This orientation changes much less in response to a
given external torque than it would without the large angular
momentum associated with the gyroscope's high rate of spin. Since
external torque is minimized by mounting the device in gimbals, its
orientation remains nearly fixed, regardless of any motion of the
platform on which it is mounted.
Fuzzy Controller

 A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic - a

mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of
logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in
contrast to classical or digital logic, which operates on discrete
values of either 0 and 1 (true and false).
 Since in autopilot we require the control system to behave similar to
a human response we planned to use fuzzy logic. It has the
advantage that the solution to the problem can be cast in terms that
human operators can understand, so that their experience can be
used in the design of the controller. This makes it easier to
mechanize tasks that are already successfully performed by humans.