SURVEYING

& LEVELLING

Lecture # 4
Prepared by:
M Bilal Zahid
Lecturer,
Civil Engineering Dept.
Numerical 1
A steel tape was exactly 30m long at 20˚C when supported
throughout the length under a pull of 10 kg on a flat ground. A
line was measured with this tape under a pull of 15 kg and at a
mean temperature of 32˚C and found to be 780m long.

Cross-sectional area of tape = 0.03cm2

Total weight = 0.693 kg,  = 11 x 10-6 per ˚C

E = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2

Compute the true length of the line if tape was supported

during measurement

1. At every 30 m 2. At every 15 m

(Ans: 780.0954m, 780.1474m)

Numerical 2
A 20 m steel tape was standardized at a temperature of 25˚C
and under a pull of 7.5 kg. The tape was used in the field at a
temperature of 32˚C and under a pull of P kg

Cross-sectional area of tape = 0.02cm2

Weight per unit length = 25 g/m.

Coefficient of thermal expansion for steel is 11 x 10-6 per ˚C

Modulus of Elasticity (E) for steel 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2

Find correct horizontal distance if P is equal to

1. 5 kg

2. 7.5 kg
CHAINING ON LEVEL GROUND

 To chain the line, the leader moves forward by dragging

the chain and by taking with him a ranging rod and arrows.

 The follower stands at the starting station by holding the

other end of the chain

 When the chain is fully extended, Leader holds the

ranging rod and the ranging process is done with the help
of directions given by the follower

 Then the follower holds the zero end of the chain by

touching the station point
 The leader stretches the chain and finally place it on the
line. Once done he inserts an arrow in the ground at the
end of the chain

 Now the leader moves forward by dragging the chain with

arrows and the ranging rod and the whole process is
repeated again but this time there should be a surveyor on
the starting station to conduct the ranging operation

 As the follower moves forward he keeps on picking up the

arrows inserted by the leader. This helps in a case when
number of arrows required are more than the available. In
that case follower hands the collected arrows over to the
leader
CHAINING ON SLOPING GROUND

 To chain the line, the leader moves forward by dragging

the chain and by taking with him a ranging rod and arrows.

 The follower stands at the starting station by holding the

other end of the chain

 When the chain is fully extended, Leader holds the

ranging rod and the ranging process is done with the help
of directions given by the follower

 Then the follower holds the zero end of the chain by

touching the station point
 Suppose line AB is to be measured. The line AB is first
ranged properly

 The follower holds the zero end of the tape at A while the
leader selects a suitable length AP1 so that P1 is
approximately at chest height and AP1 is just horizontal

 Horizontality is maintained by the eye estimation

 The point P2 is marked on the ground by plumb-bob, so that

point P1 is just over P2 . Then horizontal length AP1 is noted

 In same way other horizontal lengths are measured as P2P3,

P4P5 and so on. The total horizontal length is simply
summation of all of these segmental horizontal lengths
𝐀𝐁 = 𝐀𝐏𝟏 + 𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑 + 𝐏𝟒 𝐏𝟓 + 𝐏𝟔 𝐏𝟕 + 𝐏𝟖 𝐏𝟗

P1
P3 A
P5 P2
P7 P4
P6
P9
P8
B
CONCLUDED