Bab 11

Nutrition: Food for Thought

• 66% of all American adults
are classified as overweight

• Greater than 30% of these

are obese
• Greater than 33% of
children are overweight

http://www.fotosearch.com/photos-images/obese.html
 66% dari orang dewasa Amerika kelebihan berat badan
 Lebih dari 30% dari mereka kegemukan
 Lebih dari 33% dari anak-anak kelebihan berat badan

Malnutrisi (Salah Gizi)

Malnutrition: A disease-creating state caused by a diet

lacking the proper nutrients, even though total calories are
adequate or in excess.

Malnutrition is the gravest single threat to

the world's public health (2)
 > 852 million people undernourishe
 95% in developing countries
 1% in developed countries (2005 Report) ?
 Mengapa Kita Perlu Makan ?
Asupan penting dalam makanan dan fungsinya
 Water
• For metabolic reactions, thermal regulation, and a
solvent
 Energy (karbohidrat, protein)
 Raw Materials
Synthesis of new bodily tissues
 Metabolic Regulators
 Food Macronutrients
• Fats and Oils
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins

Composition of
Human Body
 Fats and Oils (Lipids)
Lipids: The class of compounds that includes edible solid and liquid (oil)
fats, cholesterol and other steroids

3R

Glycerol
Lipids: Oil vs. Solid Fat

Stearic acid (mp = 70o C)

(padatan)

Linoleic acid (mp = - 5o C)

Cairan
Lipids: Fats and Oils (Lipids)
The class of compounds that includes
edible solid and liquid (oil) fats, Nutritional Properties of Lipids
cholesterol and other steroids
Saturated Fatty Acid
Not so good
Stearic Acid

Lauric Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Cis (Good) vs. Trans (Very Bad) Fats!
Oleic Acid -9 Fatty Acid- OK

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Linolenic Acid -3 and -6 Fatty Acid (OK) (BEST!)

Nutritional Properties of Lipids
 Cholesterol and HDL vs. LDL

Cholesterol:
- Component of cell membranes
- Most abundant steroid in the human body
- Essential component of cell membranes
-Important precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of other steroid
hormones and some vitamins

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein): The “good” lipoproteins

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein): The “bad” lipoproteins

* Those with high values of LDL vs. HDL are at risk for heart
disease
Cholesterol and HDL vs. LDL
Cholesterol and HDL vs. LDL
SOAP
Physical Properties of Lipids:
LIPID BILAYER
 Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (simple
sugars): cannot be
converted into smaller
sugars by hydrolysis
Glucose Fructose

Complex Carbohydrates: two or more simple sugars linked

together. Example: Sucrose
Carbohydrates: Cellulose & Starch Biopolymer
(Polysaccharide / Complex Carbohydrate)
Olestra: Sucrose with 6 to 8 Fatty Acids
 Amino Acids and Proteins
Protein

Quaternary
structure
 Amino Acids and Proteins
Protein

Secondary
structure
Tertiary
structure
 Amino Acids and Proteins
Secondary
structure

Peptide

Primary
structure
Amino Acids and Proteins
Protein Denaturation
 Aspartame

Sucrose

What other functional groups are present ?

 Vitamins and minerals

Micronutrients: Essential substances for the body needed

in only miniscale amounts
• Vitamins: Organic molecules with a wide range of
physiological functions
• Minerals: Metals such as Ca, P, Cl, Na, etc…

H3C CH3 CH3 CH3

OH

CH3
Vitamin A (Retinol)
 The Vision Cycle

Electrical Sight
Photon of light Signal to Brain

11-cis

all trans

• Rhodopsin (protien)
embeded in a cell
membrane.
• Retinal (Retinaldehyde)
is the orange pigment
 Essential for life and optimal health :
1. Used in the production of collagen
2. Used in the synthesis of
• Dopamine
• Noradrenaline
• Adrenaline
3. Oxidizing agent
• Detoxifies peroxy radicals by a
transfer of an e- (reduction) to
form water.
Vitamin C
(L-Ascorbic acid)
 2 HO·
+ 2 H2O
“Free
Radicals”

Dehydroascorbic acid
Vitamin C
(Oxidized)
(L-Ascorbic acid)
 R•
Preserves: “Free Radical”
1. Food
1. Meats
2. Cosmetics
3. Pharmaceuticals
4. Humans
1. Carcinogen
2. Combat oxidative stress

Research:
1. Herpes simplex
2. AIDS
Radical “spread” around
compound making it more stable
 > 852 million people undernourishe
 95% in developing countries
 1% in developed countries (2005 Report) ?
THE MAIN ISSUE IN SUSTAINABLE WORLD
ARE :

1. HUNGER
2. OBESITY
3. HEALTHY FOOD

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