Minerals

Priming Activity
How many of you were born on the month of:
January? July?
February? August?
March? September?
April? October?
May? November?
June? December?

Do you know your birthstone? Share it in our class.

Activity
Identify the following photos below whether it is a mineral or rock.

A B C D E

F G H I J
Activity
Identify the following photos below whether it is a mineral or rock.

Obsidian Gypsum Marble Muscovite Pyrite

Pumice Breccia Halite Gneiss Quartz

 Guide Questions
1. Which of the photos are examples of
minerals?
2. Which of the photos are examples of rocks?
3. Which group of photos help you in
classifying/identifying minerals and rocks? Is
it Group A or Group B?
4. What technique/way help your group in
classifying minerals and rocks?
5. How will you differentiate minerals and rocks?
 Analysis

Question 1 B. Gypsum
D. Muscovite
Which of the photos E. Pyrite
are examples of H. Halite
minerals? J. Quartz
 Analysis

Question 2 A. Obsidian
C. Marble
Which of the photos F. Pumice
are examples of G. Breccia
rocks? I. Gneiss
 Analysis
Question 3
Which group of
photos help you in
classifying/identifying B
minerals and rocks? Is
it Group A or Group B?
 Analysis
Question 4
What technique/way
help your group in
classifying minerals B
and rocks?
 Analysis
Question 5
How will you
differentiate mineral
and rocks? B
Minerals is a naturally occurring homogenous inorganic
solid that possesses a crystalline structure and definite
chemical composition that can vary only within
specified units.

Rocks are aggregates of one or more kinds of minerals.

Mineraloids - do not necessarily have crystalline

structure (i.e. poorly crystalline or having short-range
order)
There are about 4,000 different kinds of minerals based
on chemical composition and physical properties.

Biochemical minerals are formed by organisms (e.g.

aragonite in corals and mollusks).
 Basis of Mineral Identification
Crystal habit is the general shape of individual crystals or
groups of crystal (aggregates).
Basis of Mineral Identification
Basis of Mineral Identification
 Basis of Mineral Identification
Streak is the color of a mineral in its powder form. It is
obtained by rubbing the mineral across a streak plate
(unglazed porcelain tile).

If you do not have a streak plate, then determine the streak color
by crushing or scratching part of the sample to see the color of its
powdered form.
 Basis of Mineral Identification
Hardness is a measure of resistance of a mineral to abrasion
or scratching. This is determined by rubbing a mineral of
unknown hardness against one of known hardness or vice
versa.

A mineral that scratches the glass (this image) is a hard mineral (i.e., harder
than 5.5 on Mohs Scale of Hardness). A mineral that does not scratch the glass
is a soft mineral (i.e., less than or equal to 5.5 on Mohs Scale of Hardness).
Basis of Mineral Identification
 Basis of Mineral Identification
Cleavage refers to the
characteristic
tendency of many
minerals to split or
separate easily along
planes of weak
bonding.

Fracture refers to the

tendency of the
minerals to break
other than along
planes of weakness.
Basis of Mineral Identification
Basis of Mineral Identification
 Basis of Mineral Identification
Acid test (placing a drop of
weak hydrochloric acid on the
sample) was positive for this
mineral (i.e., caused the
mineral to effervesce), so this
is a carbonate (CO3-
containing) mineral.

The yellow sample is a crystal

of this mineral, but the other
samples are fragments that
reveal the mineral’s
characteristic cleavage
angles.
 Basis of Mineral Identification
Specific gravity is a
fundamental property that
relates to the chemical
composition of the mineral
to its crystal structure.
 Basis of Mineral Identification
Specific gravity is a
fundamental property that
relates to the chemical
composition of the mineral
to its crystal structure.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
ALUMINUM (Al)
•Most abundant METAL
element in Earth's crust.

•Bauxite - a mixture of
Al(OH)3 minerals such as:
diaspore
gibbsite
Boehmite

•also other amorphous /

poorly crystalline materials
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
ANTIMONY (Sb)
•A native Element
•Extracted from stilbnite
and other minerals (e.g.
•Valentinite – Sb2O3).

•Used as a hardening alloy

for lead.
•It is used in fireworks, and
its salts are used in the
rubber and textile
industries.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
BARIUM (Ba)
•Used as a heavy additive
in oil well drilling;
•Used in radiography;
•Served as a filler in cloth and
ink products,
•Used as a deoxidiser for
copper
•Alforsite - Ba5(PO4)3Cl
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
CHROMIUM (Cr)

•Main component of
chromium ferroalloys and
stainless steel.

•It is produced in South

Africa, Kazakhstan and
India.

•Used mainly in chemical

and metallurgical industries.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
CLAY
•Used in floor and wall tile as
an absorbent, in sanitation,
mud drilling, foundry sand
bond, iron pelletizing, brick,
light weight aggregate and
cement

•Kaolin is used for paper

coating and filling, refractory
products, fiberglass, paint,
rubber and catalyst
manufacture.
Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
COBALT (Co)
•Used in superalloys for jet
engines, chemicals (paint
dryers, catalysts, magnetic
coatings), permanent
magnets and cemented
carbides for cutting tools.

•Comes principally from

Congo, Canada,
Australia…
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
COPPER (Cu)
•Used in building construction,
electric cables and wires,
switches, plumbing, heating;
roofing and; chemical
pharmaceutical machinery;

•Alloys (brass, bronze and a

new alloy with 3 percent
beryllium that is particularly
vibration resistant);

•Alloy castings; electroplated

protective coatings and
undercoats for nickel,
chromium, zinc, etc.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
FELDSPAR
•Industrially important in glass
and ceramic industries; patter
and enamelware; soaps;

•Bond for abrasive wheels;

cements; insulation
compositions;

•Fertilizer; tarred roofing

materials; and as a sizing, or
filler, in textiles and paper. In
pottery and glass;

•Glass (65-percent) and

pottery and other uses (35
percent)
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
FLUORITE (Fluorspar)

•Used in production of hydrofluoric acid;

•Used in the pottery, ceramics, optical,

electroplating and plastics industries;

•In the metallurgical treatment of bauxite;

•As a flux in open hearth steel furnaces and in

metal smelting; in carbon electrodes; emery
wheels; electric arc welders; toothpaste; and
paint pigment.

•It is a key ingredient in the processing of

aluminum and uranium (UF6 - enriched
uranium).
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
GALLIUM (Ga)

•Used in integrated circuits, light-

emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors
and solar cells.

•It has a new use in chemotherapy for

some types of cancer.

•Integrated circuits are used in defence

applications, high performance
computers and
communications.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
GOLD (Au)

•Used in dentistry and medicine; in

jewelry and arts; in medallions and
coins; in ingots as a store of value;

•For scientific and electronic

instruments; as an electrolyte in
the electroplating industry
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
GYPSUM

•Processed and used as

prefabricated wallboard or
an industrial or building plaster;

•Used in cement manufacturing

(waterproof cement);

•Has agricultural use.

 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
HALITE
•Used in human and animal diet, food
seasoning and food preservation; used to
prepare sodium hydroxide, soda ash,
caustic soda, hydrochloric acid;

•Used in ceramic glazes; metallurgy, curing of

hides; mineral waters; soap manufacturing;
home water softeners; highway de-icing;

•Photography; in scientific equipment for

optical parts;

•Single crystals used for spectroscopy,

ultraviolet and infrared transmission.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
INDIUM (In)

•Indium tin oxide is used for

electrical conductivity purposes in
flat panel devices - most commonly
in liquid crystal displays (LCDs).

•It is also used in solders, alloys,

compounds, electrical components,
semiconductors and research.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
IRON ORE (Fe)
•Used to manufacture steels of various types.

•Used in metallurgy products; magnets; high-

frequency cores; auto parts; catalyst.

•Radioactive 59 Fe used in medicine as tracer

element in biochemical and metallurgical
research;

•In paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics,

paper dyeing (i.e. blue color)

•In polishing compounds; metallurgy; medicine;

magnetic inks
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
LEAD (Pb)

•Used in batteries, gasoline additives (now

being eliminated) and tanks, and solders,
seals or bearing;

•Used in electrical and electronic

applications; TV tubes and glass,
construction, communications and
protective coatings; in ballast or weights;
ceramics or crystal glass;

•X-ray and gamma radiation shielding;

soundproofing material in construction
industry; and ammunition
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
LITHIUM (Li)
•Used in ceramics and glass;

•In primary aluminum production;

•In the manufacture of lubricants and

greases; rocket propellants; vitamin A
synthesis; silver solder; batteries;
medicine.

•Li-ion batteries have become a

substitute for nickel-cadmium batteries
in hand held electronic devices.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
MANGANESE (Mn)

•Essential to iron and steel

production.

•Construction, machinery and

transportation end uses

•Has many different types of ores

 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
MUSCOVITE (Mica)

•Commonly occur as flakes, scales

or shreds. Sheet muscovite (white)
is used in electronic insulators;

•Ground in paints, as joint cement,

as a dusting agent, in well-drilling
muds; and in plastics, roofing,
rubber and welding rods.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
•Used in alloy steels to make
automotive parts, construction
equipment, gas transmission pipes;
stainless steels; tool steels; cast irons;
super alloys; and chemicals and
lubricants.

•As a pure metal, used because of its

high melting temperatures (4,730 F)

•As filament supports in light bulbs,

metalworking dies and furnace parts
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
NICKEL (Ni)

•Vital as an alloy to stainless steel;

•Plays key role in the chemical and

aerospace industries
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
PERLITE

•Amorphous hydrous silicates

derived from volcanic glass;

•Used in roof insulation boards; as

fillers, filter aids and for
horticulture.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
PLATINUM
•Commonly occur together in nature and
are among the scarcest of the metallic
elements.

•Used principally in catalysts for the

control of automobile and industrial plant
emissions;

•In catalysts to produce acids, organic

chemicals and pharmaceutical;

•In electrical contacts, in capacitors, in

conductive and resistive films used in
electronic circuits;
Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
PHOSPHATE MINERALS
•Used to produce phosphoric acid
for ammoniated fertilizers, feed
additives for livestock
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
POTASH (K-source)

•A carbonate of potassium; used as

a fertilizer, in medicine;

•In the chemical industry and to

produce decorative color effects on
brass, bronze and nickel;

•Sylvite - KCl
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
PYRITE

•Used in the manufacture of

sulphur, sulphuric acid and sulphur
dioxide

•Dust are used to recover iron, gold,

copper, cobalt, nickel;

•Used to make inexpensive jewelry.

 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
QUARTZ (SiO2)

•As a semiprecious gem stone. Crystalline

varieties include amethyst, citrine, etc.

•Piezoelectric properties found use in

pressure gauges, oscillators, resonators
and wave stabilizer;

•In manufacturing glass, paints, abrasives,

refractory materials and precision
instruments.
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
SILICON (Si)

•Used in manufacture of computer

chips, glass and refractory materials;
ceramics; abrasives; water filtration;
component of hydraulic cements;

•Filler in cosmetics, pharmaceutical,

paper, insecticides;

•Anti-caking agent in foods; flatting

agent in paints; thermal insulator
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
SILVER (Ag)
•Used in currency, industrial applications,
jewelry, and photography

•Used in lining vats and other equipment for

chemical reaction vessels, water distillation, etc.

•A catalyst in manufacture of ethylene; mirrors;

plating; table cutlery; dental, medical and
scientific equipment; bearing metal; magnet
windings; brazing alloys, solder

•Used in catalytic converters, cell phone covers,

electronics and circuit boards
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
SODIUM CARBONATE

•Used in glass container manufacture;

•In fiberglass and specialty glass;

production of flat glass;

•In liquid detergents; in medicine; as a food

additive;

•In photography; cleaning and boiler

compounds; pH control of water
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
SULFUR (S)

•Used in the manufacture of sulfuric

acid, fertilizers, petroleum refining;

•Metal mining
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
TANTALUM (Ta)
•A refractory metal with unique electrical,
chemical and physical properties used to
produce electronic components, capacitors
(in auto electronics, pagers, personal
computers and portable telephones)

•High-purity metals in products ranging

from weapon systems to superconductors;
high-speed tools; catalyst; sutures and body
implants; electronic circuitry; thin film
components.

•Used in optical glass and electroplating

devices
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
TITANIUM (Ti)

•Used in welding rod coatings and for

manufacturing carbides, chemicals
and metals
•Metal and TiO2 are used in aerospace
applications (in jet engines, airframes
and space and missile applications)

•Used in armor, chemical processing,

marine, medical, sporting goods &
other non-aerospace applications
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
TUNGSTEN (W)

•Used in cemented carbide parts for cutting

and wear-resistant materials, primarily in
the construction, metalworking, mining,
and oil- and gas-drilling industries

•Make tungsten heavy alloys for

applications requiring high density;
electrodes, filaments, wires, and other
components for electrical, electronic,
heating, lighting, and welding applications;
steels, superalloys, and wear-resistant
alloys; and chemicals for various
applications
Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
URANIUM (U)

•Nuclear power plants for

electricity

•Used for nuclear medicine,

atomic dating, powering
nuclear submarines and
other uses in the U.S.
defense system
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
VANADIUM (V)

•Metallurgical use, primarily as an

alloying agent for iron and steel

•Major non-metallurgical use was in

catalysts for the production of
maleic anhydride and sulfuric acid
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
ZEOLITES

•Used in aquaculture (fish

hatcheries for removing ammonia
from the water)

•Water softener; catalysts;

cat litter; odor control;

•Removing radioactive ions

from nuclear plant effluent
 Most Common Minerals Used in Our Lives
ZINC (Zn)

•Used in galvanizing; metal alloys, such as brass

and bronze
•Dust were used principally by the agriculture,
chemical, paint, and rubber industries
•Protective coating on steel, as die casting, as an
alloying metal with copper to make brass and as
chemical compounds in rubber and paints
•Metal spraying; automotive parts; electrical
fuses; anodes; dry cell batteries; nutrition;
chemicals; roof gutter; engravers' plates; cable
wrappings; organ pipes and pennie
•Also in medicine as antibacterial component
Rocks are naturally-occurring solid materials made of
one or more minerals.

•Geologists classify rocks in three groups, according to

the major Earth processes that formed them. These are:
•igneous
•sedimentary
•metamorphic rocks.
Igneous Rocks (deep-sitted rocks)

•These rocks form from magma inside the earth under

great pressure and heat.

•They are not layered.

•Most of them are crystalline. Granite, for example,

cools slowly and contains large crystals. Basalt cools
quickly and contains small crystals
Igneous Rocks (deep-sitted rocks)

•Igneous rocks get their name from the Latin word ignis,
meaning "fire."

•They form from volcanic magma when a volcano erupts

and are also referred to as volcanic rocks.

•Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of

molten rock material.
Igneous Rocks (deep-sitted rocks)

•There are two basic types of igneous rocks.

•Intrusive igneous rocks (Plutonic) such as diorite,

gabbro, granite and pegmatite that solidify below
Earth's surface;

•Extrusive igneous rocks (Volcanic) such as andesite,

basalt, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite and scoria that solidify
on or above Earth's surface.
 Igneous Rocks

Andesite Basalt Diorite Gabbro

Granite Obsidian Permatite Pumice

 Abstraction
Sedimentary Rocks (Layered rocks)
•Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments or small
pieces of rocks, shells, or remains of plants and animals
that have been carried along and deposited by wind,
water or ice.
•They settle to sea bottoms over millions of years. They
are then pressed and cemented together.
•They are deposited in layers.
•They are non-crystalline and contain fossils.
 Abstraction
Sedimentary Rocks (Layered rocks)
The three main groups of sedimentary rocks are:
•Mechanically formed by wind deposits, as loess; river-
deposited as clay, gravel and alluvial; glacier-deposited
as moraines, sand, gravel and boulder, clay; sea-
deposited, like river deposits.
•Originally formed — from animals, as chalk and coral,
or from plants, as peat, lignite and coal.
•Chemically formed — as rock salt, borax, gypsum,
nitrates, potash and certain lime-stones.
 Abstraction
Sedimentary Rocks (Layered rocks)
Geologists use the following features of sedimentary
rocks in studying the earth’s history:

•(1) All sedimentary rocks form layers or strata. They

show paleo-geographic features as environments of
deposition, past distribution of land and sea, relief of
ancient lands, and former climates.

•(2) All sedimentary rocks are non-crystalline.

 Abstraction
Sedimentary Rocks (Layered rocks)
•Have fossils that show the existence of life preserved in
rocks. Fossils may be original remains of organisms,
replaced remains, molds and casts.

•(4) Sedimentary rocks show directions of currents seas

as indicated by ripple marks.

•(5) Sedimentary rocks are used for domestic,

construction, industrial, chemical and jewelry purposes.
 Sedimentary Rocks

Conglomerate Breccia Sandstone

Siltstone Shale
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)
•Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have changed form
due to heat and pressure. Metamorphic comes from the
Greek words meta and morph.

•Meta means change and morph means form. So we get

metamorphic meaning to change form.

•Metamorphic rocks were once sedimentary, igneous or

even other metamorphic rocks that have been changed
by heat and pressure.
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)

There are three kinds of metamorphism.

•Contact metamorphism

•Regional metamorphism

•Dynamic metamorphism
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)
•Contact metamorphism occurs when magma intrudes
or forces its way into existing rock. The heat of the
magma bakes the surrounding rocks causing them to
change. This is a local event.

•The changes due to contact metamorphism are

relatively small and are said to be low-grade
metamorphism.

•An example of contact metamorphism is the

metamorphic rock marble. Marble is created from
limestone that has been subjected to heat.
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)

•Regional metamorphism by contrast takes place over

large areas and is high-grade metamorphism.

•Regional metamorphism is associated with mountain

building like these rocks on the cliff face of the Black
Canyon of the Gunnison.

•It is mostly a metamorphic rock called gneiss.

 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)
•Dynamic metamorphism is metamorphism that is produced
in zones such as faults or thrusts that are under high
amounts of pressure.

•The way that this form of metamorphism works is that

rocks are scraped against each other causing them to be
ground into a powder. Then this powder is reformed due to
the pressure in the zone and the heat caused by friction of
the two rock surfaces.

•Due to the given conditions, we can determine that this

metamorphism is mainly dependent on pressure and
requires relatively low temperatures.
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)

•The causes or agents of metamorphism are heat,

pressure, and hydrothermal solution.

•The heat and pressure comes from inside the earth.

•This heat and pressure increase with depth. It is

estimated that the temperature increases about 20 to
30 degree Centigrade per kilometer of depth.
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)
•Heat
For metamorphism to occur energy is needed to fuel the
chemical reactions. Heat is the primary source of this energy.

•Pressure
Like heat, pressure increases with depth. This pressure can
actually squeeze the spaces out of the minerals within the rock.
This makes the rocks denser.

The heat and pressure together cause the rock to flow instead
of break or fracture. The mineral grains become realigned.
They flatten out and get longer.
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)
•Hydrothermal Solution
Magma contains many different gasses including water or
more properly steam.

Minerals are carried by the steam. When this hot fluid escapes
from the magma it is called Hydrothermal Solution.

These hot fluids can change the crystallization in rock by

dissolving the minerals and then depositing new ones.

Rocks that come in contact with this hydrothermal solution can

have their composition altered as a result of this recrystalization.
 Abstraction
Metamorphic Rocks (Intense pressure rocks)
Grain size is another characteristic of texture. It ranges from very
fine to coarse. The metamorphic rock classification chart below
may help you make sense of the many different types of rock.
 Metamorphic Rocks

Quartzite Marble Slate

Phyllite Schist Gneiss

Application

Make a crystal sculpture/s using Epsom salts

(Magnesium sulfate).
Closure The Philippines has vast minerals
that are still untapped. It has one of
the world's largest deposits of gold,
nickel, copper and chromite.
Through responsible mining, we
intend to generate more revenues
from the extraction of these
resources.
Thank you...