Powertrain Systems

Alternative Fuel Vehicle

Content
Introduction
Problem statement
Objectives
Statistics
Different types of alternative fuel vehicle
HEV
EV
Fuel Cell
Conclusion
Introduction
Fossil based fuel powertrain systems has been dominating
and still dominating the world automotive propulsion fuel.
Problem Statement
Because of the increase of fossil based fuel and a more
demanding concern towards the environment alternative
fuels for automotive propulsion have been actively
developed.
Objectives
The objectives of this lecture are to:-
1. Describe/explain the different types of alternative fuel
vehicles.
2. Illustrate the different types of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(HEV)
3. Explain the working principle of fuel cell vehicles
Statistics
From Wikipedia:
1. About 34 million flexible-fuel vehicles as of October 2013, led by Brazil with over 23 million units (made of 20 million cars
and light duty vehicles, and 3 million flex fuel motorcycles),[4][5] followed by the United States with almost 10 million flex-fuel
cars and light duty trucks,[6] Canada (600,000),[7] and Europe, led by Sweden (229,400).[8]
2. 17.8 million natural gas vehicles as of December 2012, led by Iran with 3.30 million, followed by Pakistan (2.79 million),
Argentina (2.29 million), Brazil (1.75 million), China (1.58 million) and India (1.5 million).[9]
3. 17.5 million LPG powered vehicles by December 2010, led by Turkey with 2.39 million, Poland (2.32 million), andSouth
Korea (2.3 million).[10]
4. Over 7 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide as of December 2013, led by Toyota Motor Company
(TMC) with more than 6 million Lexus and Toyota hybrids sold through December 2013,[11] followed by Honda Motor Co.,
Ltd. with cumulative global sales of more than 1 million hybrids by September 2012,[12] and Ford Motor Corporation with
more than 277 thousand hybrids sold in the United States by September 2013.[13][14][14][15] The world's best selling hybrid is
the Toyota Prius, with 3 million units sold by June 2013.[16] Global sales are led by the United States with over 3 million
units sold by October 2013,[17] followed by Japan with over 2.6 million hybrids by September 2013,[18][19][20][21][22] and
Europe with more than 650,000 units by August 2013.[20][23]
1. 5.7 million neat-ethanol only light-vehicles built in Brazil since 1979,[24] with 2.4 to 3.0 million vehicles still in use by
2003.[25][26] and 1.22 million units as of December 2011.[27]
2. Over one million plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) sold worldwide by the end of December 2013. Most electric vehicles in
the world roads are low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), with about 479,000 NEVs on the road by
2011.[28] In addition, just in China, a total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in 2013.[29] As of December
2013, over 380,000 highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles have been sold worldwide.
Plug-in car sales are led by the United States with over 170,000 units delivered since 2008, followed by Japan with over
68,000 units since 2009, China with about 38,600 units since 2011, the Netherlands with 28,673 units since 2009, France
with 28,560 all-electric cars and light utility vans since 2010, and Norway with 20,486 plug-in electric vehicles since
2003.[30] As of mid January 2014, the world's best selling highway-capable plug-in electric car is the Nissan Leaf all-electric
car, with 100,000 units sold worldwide by mid January 2014,[31] followed by the Volt/Ampera family of plug-in hybrids, with
combined sales of about 70,000 units sold by January 2014,[32] the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid with about 54,000 units
sold by December 2013,[11] and the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family of electric car and vans, with global cumulative sales of more
than 36,000 units through October 2013,[33]
 Plug-in EV (1 Mil.)
Neat-ethanol ( 5.7 Mil.)

Flexible Fuel (34 Mil.)

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (7 Mil.)

Liquified Petroleum Gas (17.5 Mil.)

Natural Gas (17.8 Mil.)

Hybrid Electric Vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a vehicle fitted with an
internal combustion engine and an electric motor.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Basic Classifications
1. Two types of HEV
a. Series HEV
b. Parallel HEV
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
1. Series HEV
● Motor is the main unit to supply power to the wheels
while engine is used to produce electricity to power the
motor.
2. Parallel HEV
● Uses mechanical and electrical power to propel the
vehicle.
Series HEV
Series HEV
1. Power loss occur during the conversion from
mechanical to electrical and back to mechanical power.
2. However, the series HEV is still more efficient
compared to conventional vehicle because of the
following reason.
Series HEV
1. Regenerative power obtained from the vehicle’s kinetic
or potential energy.
2. The independence of the IC engine to the vehicle’s
operation.
Series HEV
Disadvantage - The motor should generate large torque to
produce enough tractive force to the wheels.
Parallel HEV
Parallel HEV
1. Uses two sources of power to propel the vehicle i.e. IC
engine and electric motor
2. The sources of power can supply the tractive force to the
wheels either individually or simultaneously and in
parallel.
3. MPD functions as a power distributor between the
engine and the motor.
Parallel HEV
1. The engine functions as the propellant and also to
supply power to the generator.
2. In regenerative mode the wheels can also supply power
to the generator and hence to the battery.
3. One of the advantage of parallel HEV is minimum
power loss compared to series HEV.
HEV - Mode of operation
● When the vehicle starts to move the motor will provide
the driving torque to the wheels.
● The IC engine will take over during cruising and heavy
accelerating or whenever additional power is required.
● During idling for more than a certain period the IC
engine shuts off. Battery continues to operate to power
the accessory system such as air conditioning and other
electrical devices.
HEV - Mode of operation
1. Pure ICE (Engine-only) mode: In this mode, the ICE
produces the full power for vehicle motion and no
power is used from the batteries.
2. Pure electric (Electric-only) mode: In this mode, the ICE
produces no power (turned off) and the full power for
vehicle motion is taken from the batteries.
3. Hybrid mode: The power for vehicle motion in this
mode is taken simultaneously from both ICE and
batteries.
4. ICE plus charging mode: In this mode of operation, the
ICE not only produces the power for vehicle motion, but
also to recharge the battery.
5. Regeneration mode: The kinetic energy of vehicle
during braking (or its potential energy during downhill
motion) can be used to turn the electric motors and
produce electricity.
 Using energy from the wheels to turn the motor slows
the vehicle down. This energy is produced when the battery
can accept it and is stored for later use in electric or hybrid
mode. In this mode, the ICE is off and the battery is
charged by the MG in its generator mode.
6. Charging mode: There are cases when the vehicle is at a
standstill and no power is used for its motion. In these
circumstances if the battery needs recharging, then the
ICE is turned on to power the generator and charge the
battery.
7. Hybrid charging mode: In this case the battery needs
more recharging energy than is available through
regeneration and the ICE generator units will also
contribute to producing electricity during braking.
Series-Parallel Hybrid (SPH)
● A hybrid system between series and parallel hybrid.
● Also called as power split hybrid.
SPH
Power Split Hybrids
● Uses two motor/generator units in order to obtain
sufficient torques and speed to the system.
● The two motor/generator units allow the IC engine to
drive one of them as a generator to either charge the
battery or to supply power to the motor.
● Two configurations are available i.e. single mode and
dual mode power split.
Power Split Hybrids
● The single mode term refers to the fact that there is only
one way in which the power is split between the
mechanical and electrical paths.
● A dual mode arrangement has more than one epicyclic
gear unit and introduces clutches into the drivetrain
which can be used to change the power flow through the
system.
Power Split Hybrids

Toyota Hybrid System (THS)

Power Split Hybrids

Ford, Volvo, Aisin FHS arrangement

Power Split Hybrids

NexxtDrive Arrangement
Power Split Hybrids

GM Allison AHS Arrangement

GM/Daimler Chrysler/BMW power split arrangement
Plug-in HEV
● A type of HEV that requires the battery to be charged by
using power from the grid.
● In order to increase the battery working range PHEV
utilizes larger battery size hence larger vehicle mass.
● Normally the vehicles are charged during the night time
where the price per kilowatt hour is small.
Degree of Hybridization
● The balance between two different source of power i.e.
IC engine and Motor generator can be interpreted as the
“Degree of Hybridization” which is defined by the
following equation:
● Can be classified as either full hybrids, mild hybrids and
light/micro hybrid.
Electric Vehicle
● A type of alternative fuel vehicle that uses solely the
motor generator to propel the vehicle and a battery as
an energy storage unit.
● The battery is normally charged by using the grid or
through a mobile charging unit.
● The speed of the vehicle is controlled through the motor
controller by controlling the power supply.
Electric Vehicle
● There are two types of controller namely 2 quadrant
controller and 4 quadrant controller.
● 2 quadrant controller only controls the speed of the
vehicle when moving forward and backward.
● Whereas, 4 quadrant controller is used for regenerative
mode.
Electric Vehicle
Fuel Cell

What is a fuel cell?

Fuel Cell

It is nothing but a battery!!

That basically works based on this chemical reaction
● The product of fuel cells are water and energy.
● Vehicles run by fuel cells are considered as zero
emission vehicles.
● What makes EV and HEV more popular compared to
Fuel Cell vehicles can be traced according to the
following challenges:-
● Cost
● Rival technology
● Water management
● Thermal management/cooling
● Hydrogen supply
Fuel Cells - How it works
Because of the following problems i.e.
• the slow reaction rate, leading to low currents and power,
• that hydrogen is not a readily available fuel.
Different type of fuel cells have been developed which can
be classified by the type of electrolytes that are used.
Fuel Cell - Application
Fuel Cell - Application
Thank you