Generalized Linear Phase

Quote of the Day

The mathematical sciences particularly exhibit
order, symmetry, and limitation; and these are
the greatest forms of the beautiful.

Aristotle

Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall
Inc.
 Linear Phase System
• Ideal Delay System
 
Hid ej  e j 
• Magnitude, phase, and group delay
 
Hid e j  1
H e   
id
j

grdH e   
id
j

• Impulse response
sinn   
hid n 
n   
• If =nd is integer
hidn  n  nd 
• For integer  linear phase system delays the input
yn  xn  hidn  xn  n  nd   xn  nd 

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 2

 Linear Phase Systems
• For non-integer  the output is an interpolation of samples
• Easiest way of representing is to think of it in continuous

hc t   t  T  and Hc j   e  jT

• This representation can be used even if x[n] was not originally

derived from a continuous-time signal
• The output of the system is
yn  xnT  T 

• Samples of a time-shifted, band-limited interpolation of the

input sequence x[n]
• A linear phase system can be thought as
   
H e j  H e j e  j

• A zero-phase system output is delayed by 

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 Symmetry of Linear Phase Impulse Responses
• Linear-phase systems
   
H e j  H e j e  j
=5

• If 2 is integer
– Impulse response symmetric

h2  n  hn
=4.5

=4.3

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 Generalized Linear Phase System
• Generalized Linear Phase

He   Ae e
j j  j  j  
A e j : Real function of 
 and  constants
• Additive constant in addition to linear term
• Has constant group delay

  grd H e j  
d
d
  
arg H e j      
• And linear phase of general form
  
arg H e j     0

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 Condition for Generalized Linear Phase
• We can write a generalized linear phase system response as
     
H e j  A e j e j  j  A e j cos    jA e j sin    
He    hne
  
j

n  
 jn
  hncosn  j  hnsinn
n   n  

• The phase angle of this system is 

  hn sinn
sin   
 n 
cos   
 hncosn n  
• Cross multiply to get necessary condition for generalized linear
phase
 

 hncosn sin      hnsinn cos     0

n   n  


 hncosn sin     sinn cos     0

n  
 

 hnsin    n   hnsin  n     0

n   n  
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 Symmetry of Generalized Linear Phase
• Necessary condition for generalized linear phase


 hn sin  n     0

n  
• For =0 or 


 hnsinn     0 
n  
 h2  n  hn

• For = /2 or 3/2



 hncosn     0 
n  
 h2  n  hn

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 Causal Generalized Linear-Phase System
• If the system is causal and generalized linear-phase
hM  n  hn

• Since h[n]=0 for n<0 we get

hn  0 n  0 and n  M
• An FIR impulse response of length M+1 is generalized linear
phase if they are symmetric
• Here M is an even integer

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 8

 Type I FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an even integer

• The frequency response can

be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n0

M / 2 
e  jM / 2
 an cosn
 n0 
• Where
a0  hM / 2
ak   2hM / 2  k  for k  1,2,..., M/2

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 Type II FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an odd integer

• The frequency response can

be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n0

M1 / 2   1  
  bn cos  n   
 jM / 2
e
 n1   2  
• Where
bk   2hM  1 / 2  k 
for k  1,2,..., M  1/2

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 Type III FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an even integer

• The frequency response can

be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n0

M / 2 
 je  jM / 2
 cn sinn
 n1 
• Where
ck   2hM / 2  k 
for k  1,2,...,M/2

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 11

 Type IV FIR Linear-Phase System
• Type I system is defined with
symmetric impulse response
hn  hM  n for 0  n  M

– M is an odd integer

• The frequency response can

be written as
    hne
M
j  jn
He
n0

M1 / 2   1  
  dn sin  n   
 jM / 2
 je
 n1   2  
• Where
dk   2hM  1 / 2  k 
for k  1,2,..., M  1/2

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 Location of Zeros for Symmetric Cases
• For type I and II we have
hn  hM  n 
z
  Hz  zMH z1  
• So if z0 is a zero 1/z0 is also a zero of the system
• If h[n] is real and z0 is a zero z0* is also a zero
• So for real and symmetric h[n] zeros come in sets of four
• Special cases where zeros come in pairs
– If a zero is on the unit circle reciprocal is equal to conjugate
– If a zero is real conjugate is equal to itself
• Special cases where a zero come by itself
– If z=1 both the reciprocal and conjugate is itself
• Particular importance of z=-1
H 1   1 H 1
M

– If M is odd implies that

H 1  0
– Cannot design high-pass filter with symmetric FIR filter and M odd

Copyright (C) 2005 Güner Arslan 351M Digital Signal Processing 13

 Location of Zeros for Antisymmetric Cases
• For type III and IV we have

hn  hM  n 
z
  Hz  zMH z1  
• All properties of symmetric systems holds
• Particular importance of both z=+1 and z=-1
– If z=1
H1  H1  H1  0
• Independent from M: odd or even
– If z=-1
H 1   1 H 1
M1

• If M+1 is odd implies that

H 1  0

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 Typical Zero Locations

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 Relation of FIR Linear Phase to Minimum-Phase
• In general a linear-phase FIR system is not minimum-phase
• We can always write a linear-phase FIR system as
Hz  Hmin zHuc zHmax z

• Where
 
Hmax z  Hmin z1 zMi

• And Mi is the number of zeros

• Hmin(z) covers all zeros inside the unit circle
• Huc(z) covers all zeros on the unit circle
• Hmax(z) covers all zeros outside the unit circle

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 Example
• Problem 5.45

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