LTE Fundamentals

Ericsson
Academy
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 3GPP Evolution
1999 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2020
Rel 99: WCDMA CS/PS 384 kbps
Rel 4: WCDMA TDD
Rel 5: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Rel 6: High Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA)
Rel 7: High Speed Packet Access Plus (HSPA+)
Rel 8: Long Term Evolution
Rel 9: Home eNodeB, SON, eMBMS and new frequencies
Rel 10: Carrier Aggregation, eMIMO and HETNET
Rel 11: Improved CA, E-PDCCH, CoMP and IRC
Rel 12: 256 QAM, D2D communication, Interworking with WiFi
Rel 13: Mission Critical Services, LAA, FD-MIMO & NB
IoT
Rel 14: enhanced LAA, Massive MIMO and V2X
Rel 15: 5G
 WHY LTE
 Higher data rate
 Less Interference
 Higher Order MIMO
 Higher Capacity-More Number of Users
 Spectrum Flexibility
 Higher Spectrum Efficiency
 Less Delay-Simplied Architecture
 No power Limitation
 OSS Automation
3G and LTE Comparison
EvolvedPacket
Evolved PacketSystem
System (EPS)
Network Circuit
Management Switched
System Networks
2G/3G
Core
Network IMS
Domain

2G/3G
RAN Evolved Packet
Core
LTE Radio Packet
Interface eUTRAN Switched
Networks

UE
LTE/SAE Network Elements

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

HSS

MME: Mobility Management Entity

S6a
PCRF:Policy & Charging Rule Function
MME S10 S7
X2
Evolved Rx+
Node B S1-MME PCRF
LTE-UE (eNB)
S11
S1-U S5/S8 SGi
cell PDN
LTE-Uu Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway

SAE
Gateway
EPS Quality of Service
LTE QCI Resource Type Priority Packet Delay Budget Packet Error Loss Rate Example Services

QCI-1 GBR 2 100ms 10-2 Conversational voice

QCI-2 GBR 4 150ms 10-3 live streaming of conversational voice

QCI-3 GBR 3 50ms Real time gaming

QCI-4 GBR 5 300ms 10-6 Non conversational video(Buffered streaming)

QCI-5 Non-GBR 1 100ms IMS signaling

QCI-6 Non-GBR 6 300ms Video (buffered streaming),TCP based applications

QCI-7 Non-GBR 7 100ms 10-3 Voice, video (live streaming) , interactive gaming

QCI-8 Non-GBR 8 300ms 10-6 Video (Buffered streaming) , TCP based applications

QCI-9 Non-GBR 9 300ms 10-6 Video (Buffered streaming) , TCP based applications
EPS Mobility
S3 P-CSCF: Proxy Call
3G RAN
Session Control Function
MME
BCF: Border Gateway
SGSN S1- MME Function
MGw: Media Gateway
S4
S11 IMS

eNodeB
S1-U
X2 S5/S8 P-CSCF

S1-U SGW PGW

Circuit
Switched
BGF Networks
/MGw
eNodeB Session Continuity from LTE to 2 and 3G:
Call is released and redirected to 2 or 3G without Packet
any communication across the S3 interface or Switched Networks
user data across the S4 interface.
LTE Radio Interface Overview
LTE Radio Access OFDM
Downlink: OFDM
Uplink: SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA

Advanced Antenna Solutions

TX/RX Diversity
TX TX
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Beam Forming

Spectrum Flexibility
Flexible bandwidth
New and existing bands 1.4 MHz 20 MHz
Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD
 LTE Downlink (OFDM)
12 sub-carriers
Resource Element (RE)

84 REs 0.5 msec

Resource Blocks:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
84 REs 0.5 msec

TTI: 1
TTI: 2

UE1
168 TTI: 3
REs
UE2 TTI: 4
UE3
frequency
 LTE Uplink (SC-FDMA)
12 sub-carriers
Resource Element (RE)

84 REs 0.5 msec

Resource Blocks:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
84 REs 0.5 msec

TTI: 1
TTI: 2

UE1
168 TTI: 3
REs
UE2 TTI: 4
UE3
frequency
 Adaptive Modulation
Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying (QPSK)
4 different phases
2 bits per RE
168 X 2 = 336 bits

16 Quadrature Amplitude
Resource Element (RE) Modulation (16 QAM)
Resource Blocks: 16 different phase and
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 amplitude combinations
4 bits per RE
168 X 4 = 672 bits

TTI: 1
64 Quadrature
TTI: 2 Amplitude Modulation
168 TTI: 3 (64 QAM)
UE1 REs 64 different phase and
UE2 TTI: 4 amplitude combinations
UE3 6 bits per RE
168 X 6 = 1008 bits
frequency
 LTE Bandwidths
RF Bandwidth

Usable Resource Blocks

Channel Edge Channel Edge

RF Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Usable Resource Blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
UE1
UE2
UE3
Downlink
Frequency
3GPP TS 36.101
frequency

Uplink
Frequency UE1
UE2
UE3 frequency
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
UE1
UE2
UE3

3GPP TS 36.101
frequency
Special subframe
Uplink G Downlink
subframe P subframe
Guard Period

UE1
UE2
UE3 frequency
LTE Functionalities & Features
LTE Downlink Physical
Control Channels
Reference Signal (RS)
RSRP and RSRQ measurements to
support mobility and channel estimation.

Physical Downlink Control CHannel (PDCCH)

Carries scheduling information to connected UEs.

Physical Downlink
Shared CHannel (PDSCH)
Carries downlink user data.

Not all downlink physical

≈ 25% control channels are
shown here.
Reserved for Physical
Control Channels
 LTE Uplink Physical Control
Channels
Demodulation Reference Signals (DMRS)
≈ 25% Used by the eNodeB to perform coherent detection
Reserved for Physical of the uplink transmission from the UE.
Control Channels
Physical Uplink Shared CHannel (PUSCH)
Carries upink user data.
Physical Uplink Control
CHannel (PUCCH)
Allows connected UEs to send
Scheduling Requests to the
eNodeB.
Not all uplink
physical control
channels are
shown here.

1 RB
 LTE Peak User Bit Rates
Downlink Peak User Bit Rate:

Each RB carries 168 Using 64 QAM each Using 4X4 MIMO 20 MHz Bandwidth Approximately 25%
symbols every 1 msec symbol carries 6 bits transmission supports 100 RBs signalling Overhead
=> 168,000 symbols/sec => 1 Mbps per RB => 4 Mbps per RB => 400 Mbps => 300 Mbps
150 Mbps 2X2 MIMO
75 Mbps Beam Forming
Uplink Peak User Bit Rate:

Each RB carries 168 Using 64 QAM each Single Antenna 20 MHz Bandwidth Approximately 25%
symbols every 1 msec symbol carries 6 bits transmission supports 100 RBs signalling Overhead
=> 168,000 symbols/sec => 1 Mbps per RB => 1 Mbps per RB => 100 Mbps => 75 Mbps
 LTE Advanced Highlights
Downlink Peak Throughput:
Carrier Aggregation 256 QAM f1 256 QAM

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f2 1 Gbps

f3
3 X 20 MHz FDD 4X4 MIMO

Uplink Peak Throughput:

64 QAM

f1
Signaling support for up to 8 bits per symbol 150 Mbps
5 downlink cell carriers f2
2 X 20 MHz FDD Single Antenna
All Possible NAS and AS States in LTE
EMM (EPS Mobility Management) States
ECM (EPS Connection Mobility) states
RRC (Radio Resource Control) States
 LTE supports 2 RRC states: RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED

 RRC_IDLE:
– PLMN selection;  RRC_CONNECTED
– Broadcast of system information;
– UE has an E-UTRAN-RRC
– Paging;
connection;
– Cell re-selection mobility;
– No RRC context stored in the eNB – E-UTRAN knows the cell which the
UE belongs to;

– Network can transmit and/or receive

data to/from UE;

– Neighbor cell measurements;

Thank you