Basics of Microwave Communication 1231

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Name Basics of Microwave Communication
Contents  What Is Microwave Communication?

 Technologies and Terms Learned from a Quotation
 How Far Can Microwave Reach?
 Future of Microwave Communication
3ms Link
Problem If you find any problem in this document or any suggestions, please
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

2019/12/29 Security Level:
Basics of Microwave
Communication
By Transmission Network Marketing Support Dept.

www.huawei.com

Contents
1 What Is Microwave Communication?
2 Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ
3 How Far Can Microwave Reach?
4 Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

Microwave: A Tiny and Invisible Electromagnetic Wave
1mm 1m
Microwave Microwave
communication oven
Radio music
Visible
radial ultraviolet Light infrared Microwave
X radial radiation ray
Microwave: a tiny member of electromagnetic wave family

• The wavelength of microwave ranges from 1 mm to 1 m. Microwave is tiny when it is compared with other members of
the family.
• The frequency of microwave ranges from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Therefore, the microwave is invisible to human eyes.
Microwave transmission: Microwave, like water waves, will be blocked.
• Microwave can be blocked by objects which size are similar or greater than microwave length.
• Wavelength = Velocity of light / Frequency
Microwave usually refers to microwave communication

Microwave Communication Is One of
Transmission Modes
Microwave Fibers cables Satellite
Microwave communication
Definition: a means of signal transmission using microwave as the signal carrier
Frequency: a part of microwave frequency are used for microwave communication
• Usually band: 3 GHz to 42 GHz
• E-band: 71 GHz to 86 GHz
Transmission mode: sight transmission

Microwave VS. Fibers
Microwave's advantages Fibers' advantages

 Regional communications,  Large transmission capacities,
suitable for mountainous areas, strong networking capabilities
forests, cities, and other regions  Stable transmission quality,
 Resistance to natural disasters, Large resistance to the effects of
fast restoration transmission climate and terrains
 Low investment, short capacity  Long transmission distances
construction period
 secrecy Fibers
Microwave
Microwave's disadvantages Fibers' disadvantages
Short
 Service is affected by climate and construction  Long construction period,
terrains period high costs on laying fibers,
 Limited frequency resources, especially on complex
requirements for frequency terrains
licenses  Occupation of a large land
 Smaller transmission capacities area
(compared with fibers)

Appearances and Features of Microwave Equipment
Full indoor microwave Full outdoor microwave Split microwave
equipment equipment equipment
RF unit Antenna
RF/IF and
baseband
Signal unit RF unit
processing
unit
IF cable
Multiplexer
Service and IDU
power cable
 High cost, large  No requirement for space in  Convenient installation and

transmission capacity, telecommunications rooms, maintenance, fast network
stable transmission quality unstable transmission quality, construction
transmission of limited types  Most widely-applied microwave
 Applications to long-
of services equipment, applications to
distance trunk
 Applications to metropolitan transmission medium distances,
transmission
short-distance transmission and short distances

Microwave Transmission: Convert Baseband
Signal to RF Signal
IDU ODU Antenna
Waveguide or RF cable
IF cable (separate Mounted)
No feeder needed
(directly mounted)
IF
RF
IF amplification
Power amplification
Frequency
Up Converter
signal
Modulation
上
Cross-connection
Filtering
Baseband 调调 signal Electromag
signal 制制变放
频 netic wave
The signal conversion process in the
receive direction is reverse to that in
the transmit direction.
IDU: indoor unit ODU: outdoor unit Antenna
• Receives signals (FE/GE/STM- • Converts IF signals to RF • Converts RF signals to

1/E1) from the user side. signals by means of frequency electromagnetic wave.
• Cross-connects the received translation, power amplification,
signals (like what the optical and filtering.
transmission equipment does). • ODU is the essential part of
• Converts basebase signals to IF microwave equipment.
signals by means of modulation
and amplification.
Page 8
Applications of Microwave Communication
Private
Networks
 Railway and
expressway
 Water conservancy
Telecom electricity
 Petroleum, harbors
Operators  Radio and television,
 Backup and finance
supplementary
communication
resources of fiber links
 Backhaul transmission
of base station services
in mobile
communication
 Comprehensive service
transmission at the tail
of fixed networks

Contents

Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ
7
Total
Item Price(per hop) Quantity
Price
1 3
8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620(16E1 (75 ohm) ) 3
4
15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 ) 1
2 5
8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE ) 2
6
13G 200M 3+0 0.6m With
1
RTN950(1*(4FE(RJ45)+2GE(RJ45)) 1*16*E1 )
Total Price
8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620 (16E1 (75 ohm) )
Service interface：16E1 (75 ohm)

Equipment Type：RTN610_620
Antenna Size：0.6m
RF Configuration：1+1SD
Radio Interface Capacity：STM-1
Frequency Band：8G

1 8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620(16E1 (75 ohm) )
1 8G: One of the Operating Frequency
Bands (for Long-Distance Transmission)
3.3 Long-distance trunk 11
transmission
Medium-
distance/Short-
distance 18
transmission 23City short-distance
transmission
4 5 6 7 8 11 13 15 18 23 26 38 42GHz
The ITU-R recommendations specify the following common frequency bands for
microwave communication: 4/5/6/7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/28/32/38/42 GHz.
Frequency band is the necessary information for selecting ODU and antenna.

1
Frequency Arrangement Principles
Bandwidth of the frequency band
Frequency band f0 Frequency band

of the low station of the high station
Edge n: number of channels in
T/R spacing
T/R spacing protection the frequency band
margin
f0: center frequency
Channel
spacing
Channel
spacing
f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

For example: 8 GHz
T/R Spacing Channel Spacing Number of Working
8 GHz f0 (MHz)
(MHz) (MHz) Channels (n)
7725--8275 8000 311.32 14 8
Channel spacing: difference between the center frequencies of Adjacent channels, for example,
3.5/7/14/28/56 MHz. Channel spacing is specified depending on services.
High/Low station: A high station and a low station must be used in pairs. The station with a higher
transmit frequency is a high station and the station with a lower transmit
frequency is a low station.
T/R spacing: difference between the transmit frequency and receive frequency of an ODU.

2 8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE
2
400M: Radio Interface Capacity (Determined by
Channel Spacing and Modulation Mode)
radio interface Capacity : service
transmission capacity in the air
400 Mbit/s: channel spacing is 56 MHz

modulation scheme is 256QAM
The radio interface can transmit 400 Mbits services
Transmit end Receive end
基带
Customer Channel
信号
services 256QAM modulation spacing
速率
数字基带信号中频信号
Channel spacing
Services of a
56 Mbit/s
total rate of
400 Mbit/s
A greater channel spacing , a higher modulation scheme then a higher radio interface capacity

2 Modulation Principles
The RF signals converted from digital baseband signals can be indicated

by the following formula: Digital
microwave communication
A*COS (Wc*t+φ） usually adopts PSK and QAM
modulation schemes.
Demodulation is the reverse
process of modulation.
Amplitude Frequency Phase
Modulation Scheme Carrier modulated Parameters Carrier unmodulatled

Parameters
QAM A, φ Wc
PSK φ A, Wc
ASK A Wc , φ
PSK φ A, Wc
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 15
2
Common Microwave Modulation Schemes
PSK
QPSK signal vectors (binary code)
 PSK: Digital information is represented by the phase changes of
01 11 carriers.
 The common PSK modulation schemes include 2PSK, 4PSK,
Reference and 8PSK. 4PSK is also QPSK.K
phase
00 10  The highest PSK modulation scheme is 8PSK. For more efficient
bandwidth utilization, QAM modulation schemes are adopted.
16QAM signal vectors (quaternary code)

0010 0110 1110 1010 QAM
 The QAM modulation schemes fully utilize the signal plane by
0011 0111 1111 1011 combining amplitude and phase modulation. In QAM modulation
schemes, the signal vectors are well distributed on the signal plane.
 The common QAM modulation schemes include 4QAM, 16QAM,
0001 0101 1101 1001
32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM.
 The QAM modulation schemes achieve high bandwidth utilization
0000 0100 1100 1000
efficiency. The 256QAM functions in octonary code.
Tips: In quaternary code, one point represents four bits. That is, 1 MHz can carry 4 Mbit/s traffic. (Service is less than 4 Mbit/s due to
redundant bits.) The 16QAM modulation schemes is so called because the fourth power of two is 16. Do you understand why
256QAM is so called?

2
Adaptive Modulation (AM)
Adaptive modulation (AM): By using the AM function, the microwave transmission
system automatically changes the modulation scheme according to weather conditions.
This function ensures the most effective service transmission in any weather conditions.
data
Voice
256QAM ... 64QAM...QPSK...64QAM ... 256QAM
IF Module IF Module
Working principles
Data
Tx Path Rx Path Data Sink
Source
Change Quality
Command Indicator
AM Engine AM Engine
Quality Change
Indicator Command
Data Sink Rx Path Tx Path Data

Source

3 15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 )
3
0.6 m: Antenna Diameter
0.6m
Commonly used in microwave

communication
Parabolic antenna Cassegrain antenna

 Microwave antennas include parabolic antenna and Cassegrain antenna. The parabolic antenna is commonly used.
 The common diameters of microwave antennas are 0.3 m, 0.6 m, 0.9 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.4 m, 3.0 m, and 3.7 m.
 Within one frequency band, N channels can be supported by one antenna.

3 15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 )
3
Antennas Main parameters
 Antenna gain:
 Antenna gain indicates the concentricity of the energy radiated by an antenna.
Antenna gain is the ratio of the power of the antenna at a point in space to the power of an ideal
antenna (directionless) at the same point. The measurement unit is dBi.
GdB = 20lgf(GHz) + 20lgD(m) + 10lg η + 20.4dB
In this formula, η (antenna efficiency) = Antenna radiation power / Antenna input power
 If the frequency is specified, the antenna gain increases by 6 dB when the antenna diameter
doubles.
 If the antenna diameter is specified, the antenna gain also increases by 6 dB when the frequency
doubles.
 3dB beam bandwidth angle:

 Deviated from the center of the main lobe to one of the two sides, the half-
power (–3 dB) point appears when the detected power is reduced by half.
The angle between the two half-power points is called 3dB beam bandwidth 3dB
angle. Main
Lobe
 3dB beam bandwidth angle indicates the directivity of antennas. Larger
antenna diameter ,smaller 3dB beam bandwidth angle, better directivity, and -3dB
higher antenna gain.
Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 19
4
1+1 SD: Anti-Fading Diversity Technology
The diversity technology is used to offset the effects of fading. To be specific, the system transmits the
same information over two or more paths and selects or combines the signals from the receiver.
SD: Space Diversity FD: Frequency Diversity
f1
H f2
Inter-antenna distance H: 100 times of

wavelength to 200 times of wavelength
Application scenarios: Areas prone to fading, such as Application scenarios: Areas where the weather changes
rivers and lakes. frequently
Working principle: One antenna transmits signals and Working principle: Two frequencies are used to transmit
two antennas receive signals. There is a low probability the same service. There is a low probability that both
that both receive antennas are interfered simultaneously. frequencies are interfered simultaneously.
Note: The distance between two receive antennas is Note: Frequency spacing needs to be increased to reduce
determined by frequency bands. the correlation of different frequencies.
 Space diversity is more cost-effective and efficient that frequency diversity. Therefore, SD
is used more often than FD.
 FD applies when more channels are available.

4
Microwave Protection Schemes
Network-level
Site 5
Link-level protection protection
RF protection: 1+1 FD, SD TDM: SNCP, MSP
Network management
Service protection: LAG, N+1 ETH: ERPS, MSTP Ch4 center
7km
Site 2 Ch5
Ch1 6km
Ch2
Site 4
Site 1 6 km
5 km Ch3
2 km
Site6
Ch7
Equipment-level Site 3 5km
equipment
1+1HSB,System control unit Ch8
6km Site 7
1+1Cross-connect and clock
unit Input power 1+1
• Microwave equipment supports multiple protection schemes: link-level protection, equipment-

level protection, and network-level protection.
• A combination of multiple protection schemes ensures 99.999% reliability of microwave
equipment.

5 8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE )
5
XPIC: Cross-Polarization Interference
Cancellation
 The transmit end transmits two electromagnetic
Vertical waves whose polarization directions are
polarization orthogonal to each other. The receive end
cancels interference between the two
electromagnetic waves by means of the XPIC
function, thus retrieving the two original signals.
Horizontal  The XPIC technology improves the utilization of
polarization frequency spectrum resources and thus doubles
the transmission capacity.
CCDP: Co-Channel Dual-Polarization
6 GHz channel configuration without the XPIC 6 GHz channel configuration with the XPIC

6 13G 200M 3+0 0.6m With RTN950(1*(4FE(RJ45)+2GE(RJ45)) 1*16*E1 )
6
3+0: RF Configuration Mode
RF Configuration Meaning Required Number of ODUs
Channels
A: number of configuration
groups > 0
N: number of main links > 0
Ax(N+M) N+M Ax(N+M)
M: number of standby links ≥ 0
The commonly used configuration modes are N+0/1+1/N+1.
1+1 2+1
3+0 1+1 protection schemes include N+1 protection refers to the protection
1+1 HSB/FD/SD. The above configuration that N microwave working
figure shows 1+1 HSB/FD. channels in a microwave direction share
one microwave protection channel.

7
Hop: Units of Radio Links
One hop of radio link
• Hop: One hop of radio link includes the equipment at the two ends, and the
equipment may be comprised of multiple IDUs, ODUs, and antennas.
• Microwave equipment is quoted and sold by hop.
• The tree, chain, and ring topologies of microwave networks are all comprised of hops.
• Networked microwave requires two hops of communal IDUs, which are called
combined stations. Combined stations help reduce the redundant IDUs.

Contents

Factors That Affect Microwave Transmission
Distances
2 Antenna gain 2 Antenna gain
1 Space loss
Transmissi
on distance
3 Feeder loss 3 Feeder loss
4 Transmit
5 Receive
Transmit end
power Receive end
sensitivity
• The microwave transmission distances ranges from 1 km to 100 km and the microwave transmission capacity reaches
the GE level.
• Major factors: space loss, antenna gain, line loss, transmit power, and receive sensitivity
 Space loss is determined by the nature.
 Antenna gain, feeder loss, transmit power, and receive sensitivity are determined by the microwave equipment.
• (Transmit power – Receive sensitivity + Antenna gain – Feeder loss) - Space loss > 0
 Network design reserves 30 dB as fade margin.
• Frequency bands, weather, terrains, equipment gain, and feeder loss affect microwave transmission distances.

Major Factors That Affect Space Loss
Space loss
Free space Obstacle and Weather (rain,

loss terrain snow, fog)

Natural Equipment
Free Space Loss factors factors
Free space Loss Ls (dB) = 92.4 + 20logF + 20logD

F: transmit frequency (unit: GHz)
D: transmission distance (unit: km)
For example: loss of transmission of 13 GHz signals over 20 km:
Ls = 92.4 + 22.3 + 26 = 140.7 (dB)
• The attenuation of electromagnetic waves due to spreading in free space is

called free space loss.
• Free space is the ideal vacuum space where electromagnetic waves do not
generate reflection, refraction, scattering, and other physical phenomena.
Higher frequency band, lager Free space loss

Example: Loss of Signals at Different
Frequencies in Air
Loss in air
(dB/Km) 23GHz
1.0
Temperature = 40oC
Humidity = 80%
0.4 Temperature = 30oC

Humidity = 50%
Frequency (GHz)
0 25 50
Page 29
Natural Equipment
factors factors
Obstacle and Terrain
Straight line
Straight line
Impacts of
obstacles
Reflection Reflection
Poor transmission Good transmission

quality! quality!
Category D
Large-area water
surface
The terrains whose
Increasing reflection coefficient
Category C
Plains reflection
Impacts of
terrains coefficient is lower
Category B are more suitable
Hills for microwave
transmission.
Category A
Mountains or cities with
dense buildings

Natural Equipment
Weather (Snow, Rain, Fog) factors factors
• Rain, snow, and fog are the major weather factors that affect microwave transmission.
Raindrops or ice causes scattering loss of microwave signals.
• Rain has the greatest impact on microwave transmission.
 Microwave signals at frequencies lower than 10 GHz can hardly be affected by rain.
Microwave signals at frequencies higher than 10 GHz can be affected by rain;
 the higher the frequency, the greater the rain fading.
• Snow and fog cause loss of about 0.5 dB/km for microwave signals.

Equipment Factors That Affect Natural
factors
Equipment
factors
Microwave Transmission
Antenna gain Feeder loss
The greater the antenna gain, the The lower the feed line loss, the
longer the transmission distance. longer the transmission distance
Transmit power Receive sensitivity

The higher the transmit power, the The lower the receiver sensitivity, the
longer the transmission distance. longer the transmission distance.
Antenna gain
 The lower the frequency band, the larger the antenna
diameter, and the higher the antenna gain.
Feeder loss
 The lower the frequency band, the shorter the feeder, and
the lower the feeder loss.
Transmit power
 The lower the frequency band and modulation scheme, the
higher the transmit power.
Receive sensitivity
 The lower the frequency band and modulation scheme, the smaller the channel spacing, and the lower (better) the
receive sensitivity. With the given channel spacing, the smaller the service capacity, the better the receive sensitivity.

Contents

History of Microwave Transmission
Capacity
Analog microwave Digital microwave
>1G E_BAND
400M IP
TDM
155M SDH
34/140M 2010s
PDH
2000s
2/4/6/8M Small capacity
1990s
30-1920K Analog microwave
1980s
1970s
1950s
 In 1947, Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) built the first analog microwave circuit (TD-X)
Analog between New York and Boston. This circuit adopted the frequency modulation (FM) mode.
microwave  In 1950, the 4 GHz TD-2 microwave system was used for the first time to provide
commercial telephone services.
 In the late 1960s, the first digital microwave system was built to improve the voice quality.
Digital microwave  In 1988, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) internationalized Synchronous
TDM Optical Network (SONET) of U.S.A as Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) transport
network standards. The SDH microwave system developed rapidly in the 1990s.
Digital  In 2007, equipment vendors launched the IP radio (Hybrid/Packet radio)

microwave IP equipment that provided higher transmission efficiency.
 In accordance with the LTE deployment, equipment vendors started the R&D
Digital microwave
efforts on E-BAND products in 2010. These products will be put into wide
E_BAND commercial use in 2012.
Page 34
TDM Radio and IP Radio
TDM radio IP radio
PDH/SDH Hybrid Packet

Application scenario: 2G, Application scenario: Application scenario: 3G/4G
majority of TDM services, 2G/3G hybrid transmission, applications, majority of ETH
small capacity majority of E1 services services
Frame structure: Radio Frame structure: Radio Frame structure: Radio
interfaces transmit TDM interfaces transmit interfaces transmit Ethernet
services. Ethernet services Ethernet and TDM services. TDM services are
are mapped to TDM services services in Native mode. encapsulated into Ethernet
packets.
eliminated gradually Now mainstream mainstream in future

What Is E-Band Radio?
ITU-R Radio-Frequency Channel Arrangements e-band
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
6L/6U 7/8 1113 15 18 23 26 38 42 55 58 (TDD)

71GHz - 86GHz
Traditional Radio Link
Full Outdoor
Ethernet
DC
Native Ethernet traffic in air
 Frequency band: 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz

 Native data transmission: a maximum transmission capacity of 1500 Mbit/s
 Typical transmission distance: 1-1.5 km
 Full outdoor solution

Thanks!

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Name Basics of Microwave Communication

Contents  What Is Microwave Communication?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

By Transmission Network Marketing Support Dept.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

1 What Is Microwave Communication?

2 Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ

3 How Far Can Microwave Reach?

4 Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

Microwave: a tiny member of electromagnetic wave family

Microwave usually refers to microwave communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5

Microwave's advantages Fibers' advantages

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6

 High cost, large  No requirement for space in  Convenient installation and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

IDU: indoor unit ODU: outdoor unit Antenna

• Receives signals (FE/GE/STM- • Converts IF signals to RF • Converts RF signals to

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

1 What Is Microwave Communication?

2 Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ

3 How Far Can Microwave Reach?

4 Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10

8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620 (16E1 (75 ohm) )

Service interface：16E1 (75 ohm)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12

Frequency band f0 Frequency band

f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13

400 Mbit/s: channel spacing is 56 MHz

Transmit end Receive end

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14

The RF signals converted from digital baseband signals can be indicated

Amplitude Frequency Phase

Modulation Scheme Carrier modulated Parameters Carrier unmodulatled

16QAM signal vectors (quaternary code)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16

256QAM ... 64QAM...QPSK...64QAM ... 256QAM

Data Sink Rx Path Tx Path Data

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17

Commonly used in microwave

Parabolic antenna Cassegrain antenna

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 18

 3dB beam bandwidth angle:

SD: Space Diversity FD: Frequency Diversity

Inter-antenna distance H: 100 times of

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 20

• Microwave equipment supports multiple protection schemes: link-level protection, equipment-

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

CCDP: Co-Channel Dual-Polarization

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 22

The commonly used configuration modes are N+0/1+1/N+1.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 23

One hop of radio link

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 24

1 What Is Microwave Communication?

2 Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ

3 How Far Can Microwave Reach?

4 Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication