Introduction

 GC is a most important extensively applied Technique

in analytical and industrial application
 It was developed in 1941 by Martin and Synge
Principle
Gas chromatography refers to a physical separation
process by which a mixture is separated into its
constituents by moving phase passing over a
stationary phase

Partition co-efficient
 Partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D)
is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a
mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium.
Governing Parameters for Partition
Co-efficient
 Freundlich law or Langmuir law (T solute L/T Solute G)
 Henrys law (C/C)
Forces Involved
Vander Walls force
London Dispersion force (dipole)
Inductive force (distance dependent)
Physical Transport Phenomena
Flow
Diffusion
Interaction between the stationary and mobile phase
Basics
Instrumentation
Procedure
 Sample solution injected into the instrument enters a gas
stream which transports the sample into a separation tube
 Various components are separated inside the column.
 Detector measures the quantity of the components that
exit the column.
 To measure a sample with an unknown concentration, a
standard sample with known concentration is injected into
the instrument
 The standard sample peak retention time and area are
compared to the test sample to calculate the concentration
Carrier Gas
 Hydrogen
 Helium
 Nitrogen
 Carbon-dioxide
 Argon

Prerequisite (100% Pure)

Column
 Packed
Stationary phase is coated directly in the inert packing
Liquid phase is adsorbed onto the surface of Liquid
stationary phase is immobilized on the beads in a thin
layer
 Capillary
Stationary phase is coated with the column inner wall
Liquid stationary phase is immobilized on the thin layer
or onto the solid the capillary tubing wall
Length 30 t0 60 m
Detectors
 UV Detectors
 Flame Ionization Detector
 Alkali Flame Detector (Rubidium Silicate)
 Electron Capture Detector
 Atomic Emission Detector
Combustion Gas
 Oxygen
 Hydrogen