Power and Energy Systems

EECE 477/ECEG 736

Dr. Mahmoud Amin (Associate Professor)
ECE Dept., Manhattan College

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

CHAPTER 1:
Introduction

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Simple Power System

 Every power system has three major components
– generation: source of power, ideally with a
specified voltage and frequency
– load: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value
– transmission system: transmits power; ideally as
a perfect conductor

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Complications
 No ideal voltage sources exist
 Loads are seldom constant
 Transmission system has resistance, inductance,
capacitance and flow limitations
 Simple system has no redundancy so power system will not
work if any component fails

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Notation – Power
 Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy
 Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
 Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
900 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
 Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300 MW

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Notation – Energy
 Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what
people really want from a power system
 Energy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
kWh – Kilowatt-hour (3.6 x 106 J)
 U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600 billion
kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person, which means on
average we each use 1.5 kW of power continuously)

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Power System Examples

 Electric utility: can range from quite small, such as an
island, to one covering half the continent
– there are four major interconnected ac power systems in
North American, each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is
used in some other countries.
 Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is primary
consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
 Ships and submarines
 Automobiles: dc with 12 volts standard
 Battery operated portable systems

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Chapter 1: Introduction

North America Interconnections

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Electric Systems in Energy Context

 Class focuses on electric power systems, but we first
need to put the electric system in context of the total
energy delivery system
 Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
– Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is
usually converted into another form of energy when
used
 About 40% of U.S. energy is transported in electric form
 Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil
fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in
world energy infrastructure

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Sources of Energy – U.S.

About 86% Fossil Fuels CO2 Emissions (millions of
metric tons, and per quad)
Biomass, 2.4
Other, 0.8 Petroleum: 2598, 64.0
Hydro, 2.7
Natural Gas: 1198, 53.0
Nuclear, 8.1
Coal: 2115, 92.3
Petroleum,
40.6
Natural Gas,
22.6
1 Quad = 293 billion kWh
(actual)
1 Quad = 98 billion kWh
(used, taking into account
Coal, 22.9
efficiency)
Source: EIA Energy Outlook 2007, Table 1, 2005 Data
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Chapter 1: Introduction

Electric Energy by Sources, U.S.

Nuclear Renewable
19.4% 2.5%

Petroleum
2.0% Coal
Hydroeletric 49.0%
7.1%

Gas
20.0%

Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Electric Energy by Sources, Calif.

Coal
Renewable 1.0%
11.3%

Nuclear Oregon is
14.7%
Petroleum
71% Hydro,
Gas
1.0% 49.8% while
Washington
Hydroeletric
22.2% State is
76% Hydro

Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Electric Energy by Sources, Illinois

Renewable
0.4%

Coal
47.6%
Nuclear
48.9%
Hydroeletric
0.1%
Petroleum
Gas
0.1%
2.9%

Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2006

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Chapter 1: Introduction
13

Global Warming and the Power Grid

What is Known: CO2 in Air is Rising
Value was
about 280
ppm in 1800,
384 in 2007

Rate of
increase is
about 3 ppm
per year

Source: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm
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Chapter 1: Introduction
14

As is Worldwide Temperature

Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean

Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/
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Chapter 1: Introduction

Change in U.S.
Annual Average Temperature

[°C] = ([°F] - 32°) 5/9

Source: http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/ustren-temp.gif
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Chapter 1: Introduction
16

But Average Temperatures Are Not

Increasing Everywhere Equally

[°C] = ([°F] - 32°) 5/9

Source : http://www.sws.uiuc.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate_change/iltren-temp.jpg
© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction
17

World Population Trends

Country 2005 2015 2025 %
Japan 127.5 124.7 117.8 -7.6
Germany 82.4 81.9 80.6 -2.1
Russia 142.8 136.0 128.1 -10.3
USA 295.7 322.6 349.7 18.2
China 1306 1393 1453 11.2
India 1094 1274 1449 32.4
World 6449 7226 7959 23.4

Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in millions;

percent change from 2005 to 2025

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
18

Eventual Atmospheric CO2

Stabilization Level Depends Upon CO2
Emissions
Regardless of what we do
in the short-term the CO2
levels in the atmosphere will
continue to increase.
The eventual stabilization
levels depend upon how
quickly CO2 emissions are
curtailed.
Emissions from electricity
production are currently
about 40% of the total
© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 1: Introduction

Energy Economics
 Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between
fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs
– Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating
costs
– Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating
costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
– Coal, wind, hydro are in between
 Also the units capacity factor is important to determine
ultimate cost of electricity
 Potential carbon “tax” major uncertainty

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Ball Park Energy Costs

Nuclear: $15/MWh
Coal: $22/MWh
Wind: $50/MWh
Hydro: varies but usually water constrained
Solar: $150 to 200/MWh
Natural Gas: 27 to 34 times fuel cost in $/MWh

Note, to get price in cents/kWh take price in $/MWh and

divide by 10.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Natural Gas Prices 1990s to 2008

1 dollar per million BTU = 3.41 dollars per megawatt-hour

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Course Syllabus
 Introduction and review of phasors & three phase
 Transmission line modeling
 Per unit analysis and change of base
 Models for transformers, generators, and loads
 Power flow analysis and control
 Short circuit analysis

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Chapter 1: Introduction

History of Electric Power Systems

 Early 1880s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system in
Manhattan supplying 59 customers
 1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor
 1885 – invention of transformer
 Mid-1880s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system
 Late 1880s – Tesla invents ac induction motor
 1893 – First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV

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Chapter 1: Introduction

History, cont’d
 1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation
at Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 32 km away
 Early 1900s – Private utilities supply all customers in
area (city); recognized as a natural monopoly; states step
in to begin regulation
 By 1920s – Large interstate holding companies control
most electricity systems

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Chapter 1: Introduction

History, cont’d
 1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company
Act to establish national regulation, breaking up large
interstate utilities (repealed 2005)
 1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to
rural areas
 1930s – Electric utilities established as vertical monopolies

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Vertical Monopolies
 Within a particular geographic market, the electric utility had
an exclusive franchise

In return for this exclusive

Generation
franchise, the utility had the
obligation to serve all
Transmission
existing and future customers
at rates determined jointly
Distribution by utility and regulators

Customer Service It was a “cost plus” business

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Vertical Monopolies
 Within its service territory each utility was the only game
in town
 Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues than
competitors
 Utilities gradually interconnected their systems so by
1970 transmission lines crisscrossed North America, with
voltages up to 765 kV
 Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing rates, so
most every one was happy

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Current Midwest Electric Grid

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Chapter 1: Introduction

History, cont’d – 1970s

 1970s brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices, calls
for conservation and growing environmental concerns
 Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones
 As a result, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities Regulator
Policies Act (PURPA) in 1978, which mandated utilities
must purchase power from independent generators located
in their service territory (modified 2005)
 PURPA introduced some competition

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Chapter 1: Introduction

History, cont’d – 1990s & 2000s

 Major opening of industry to competition occurred as a
result of National Energy Policy Act of 1992
 This act mandated that utilities provide “nondiscriminatory”
access to the high voltage transmission
 Goal was to set up true competition in generation
 Result over the last few years has been a dramatic
restructuring of electric utility industry (for better or worse!)
 Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Utility Restructuring
 Driven by significant regional variations in electric rates
 Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the
introduction of competition
 Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their
electricity supplier

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Chapter 1: Introduction

State Variation in Electric Rates

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Chapter 1: Introduction

The Goal: Customer Choice

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Chapter 1: Introduction

The Result for California in 2000/1

OFF

OFF

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Chapter 1: Introduction

The California-Enron Effect

WA
MT ND VT ME
OR MN
N
ID SD WI NY H
MA
WY MI RI
IA PA CT
NV NE NJ

UT IL IN OH W DE
M
D
CO VA VA D
C
CA KS MO KY
AZ TN NC
NM OK AR SC
MS AL GA
TX
LA
AK
FL
HI

electricity delayed suspended

no activity
restructuring restructuring restructuring
Source : http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_str/regmap.html

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Chapter 1: Introduction

August 14, 2003 Blackout

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Chapter 1: Introduction

2007 Illinois Electricity Crisis

 Two main electric utilities in Illinois are ComEd and
Ameren
 Restructuring law had frozen electricity prices for ten
years, with rate decreases for many.
 Prices rose on January 1, 2007 as price freeze ended;
price increases were especially high for electric heating
customers who had previously enjoyed rates as low as
2.5 cents/kWh
 Current average residential rate (in cents/kWh) is 10.4 in
IL, 8.74 IN, 11.1 WI, 7.94 MO, 9.96 IA, 19.56 CT, 6.09
ID, 14.03 in CA, 10.76 U.S. average

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